{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T19:03:13Z","timestamp":1778439793821,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,21]],"date-time":"2017-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANTIGONE (278976)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANTIGONE (278976)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB 1009 B04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1009 B04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ Microbiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are important virulence tools of enterohaemorrhagic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EHEC), but other biological functions of these nanostructures are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that modulation of OMV production enables EHEC to resist the intrahost environment during infection by investigating if simulated human gastrointestinal conditions affect OMV production in EHEC O157:H7 and O104:H4. All the conditions tested including a low pH, simulated ileal and colonic media, presence of mucin, intestinal epithelial cell lysate or antimicrobial peptides, as well as iron limitation, significantly increased OMV production by these pathogens. Accordingly, a maximum vesiculation in EHEC O104:H4 was observed immediately after its isolation from a patient's intestine, and rapidly decreased during passages\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Most of the simulated intrahost conditions also upregulated the OMV\u2010associated Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a), the major EHEC virulence factor, and, as a result, OMV cytotoxicity. The data indicates that upregulation of OMV production by the human gastrointestinal milieu contributes to EHEC survival and adaptation within the host during infection. Moreover, the intrahost increase of vesiculation and OMV\u2010associated Stx2a may augment EHEC virulence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T09:48:32Z","timestamp":1499161712000},"page":"626-634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Intrahost milieu modulates production of outer membrane vesicles, vesicle\u2010associated Shiga toxin 2a and cytotoxicity in\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    O157:H7 and O104:H4"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Bauwens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene University of M\u00fcnster 48149 M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kunsmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene University of M\u00fcnster 48149 M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Marejkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella National Institute of Public Health 100 42 Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenlan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene University of M\u00fcnster 48149 M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hygiene University of M\u00fcnster 48149 M\u00fcnster Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) University of M\u00fcnster 48149 M\u00fcnster 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