{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:42:28Z","timestamp":1787013748706,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ Microbiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Resistance to a drug and the suppression of inflammatory disorders with immunosuppressive drugs might have happened upon exposure to natural compounds during evolution. Streptomycetes are soil bacteria, but they produce therapeutic drugs. They have been reported to be the low\u2010abundant members of mucosal microbiomes with a higher prevalence in nonhumans ingesting soil compared with humans. Their lower abundance in the human microbiome might be the representations of our current hygienic lifestyle. We suggest that the\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteria producing antiproliferative\/immunosuppressive compounds (e.g., rapamycin and tacrolimus) contribute to the rapalog resistance of certain mucosal tumours (e.g., colon cancer) and the \u2018hygiene hypothesis\u2019. If so, the shortage of exposure to these compounds in the current lifestyle might be an underlying reason for the increase of inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). An investigation on adding certain\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomycetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>S. hygroscopicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. tubercidicus)<\/jats:italic>\n                    to the list of probiotics against inflammatory diseases would be an interesting research area in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]],"date-time":"2018-01-26T06:37:24Z","timestamp":1516948644000},"page":"123-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Immunosuppressants produced by\n                    <i>Streptomyces<\/i>\n                    : evolution, hygiene hypothesis, tumour rapalog resistance and 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