{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:02:44Z","timestamp":1782889364481,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,25]],"date-time":"2019-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ Microbiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Flagella are the well\u2010known structural appendages used by bacteria for motility. Although generally reported to be non\u2010motile, the enteropathogenic bacterial species\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia albertii<\/jats:italic>\n                    produces flagella intermittently. We found that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. albertii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    expressed flagella under specific environmental conditions. After several generations (involving 4 to 12\u2010h incubations), six of the twelve strains we investigated displayed swimming motility in various aquatic environments, including pond water containing nutrients from pigeon droppings (10% suspension) as well as in 20 \u00d7 \u2212diluted tryptic soy broth. The most significant motility determinant was a temperature between 15 and 30\u2009\u00b0C. At 20\u2009\u00b0C in the 10% pigeon\u2010dropping suspension, microscopic observations revealed that some cells (1%\u201395% of six strains) showed swimming motility. Electron microscopy showed that the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. albertii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    cells expressed flagella. Lower concentrations of some substrates (including nutrients) may be of secondary importance for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. albertii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    flagella expression. Interestingly, the non\u2010motile strains (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u20096\/12) contained pseudogenes corresponding to essential flagella structural proteins. After being released from its host into surface water,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. albertii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    may express flagella to move toward nutrient sources or new hosts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,17]],"date-time":"2019-12-17T03:01:10Z","timestamp":1576551670000},"page":"92-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Flagellum expression and swimming activity by the zoonotic pathogen\n                    <i>Escherichia albertii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Murakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Surveillance 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