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While this phenomenon is well\u2010established, its consequences on ecological and evolutionary processes remain poorly understood. We hypothesize here that denitrification in oxic environments can modify the accumulation profiles of nitrogen oxide intermediates with cascading effects on the evolutionary potentials of denitrifying microorganisms. To test this, we performed laboratory experiments with\n                    <jats:italic>Paracoccus denitrificans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and complemented them with individual\u2010based computational modelling. We found that denitrification in low oxic environments significantly increases the accumulation of nitrite and nitric oxide. We further found that the increased accumulation of these intermediates has a negative effect on growth at low pH. Finally, we found that the increased negative effect at low pH increases the number of individuals that contribute to surface\u2010associated growth. This increases the amount of genetic diversity that is preserved from the initial population, thus increasing the number of genetic targets for natural selection to act upon and resulting in higher evolutionary potentials. Together, our data highlight that denitrification in low oxic environments can affect the ecological processes and evolutionary potentials of denitrifying microorganisms by modifying the accumulation of nitrogen oxide intermediates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T02:39:41Z","timestamp":1701398381000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Denitrification in low oxic environments increases the accumulation of nitrogen oxide intermediates and modulates the evolutionary potential of microbial populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kohei","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Sciences and Technologies University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology Swiss Federal Institute 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