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While both inoculation methods resulted in colonisation of the intestines, the\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    load in liver samples was significantly higher at 7\u2009dpi after exposing chicks to sprinkled dust compared to the oral infection group. Infection of chickens using the sprinkling method at a range of doses showed a threshold for colonisation of the gut and organs as low as 1000\u2009CFU\/g of dust. Caecal content microbiota analysis post\u2010challenge showed that the profiles of chickens infected by the sprinkling and oral routes were not significantly different; however, both challenges induced differences when compared to the uninfected negative controls. Overall, the study showed that dust sprinkling was an effective way to experimentally colonise chickens with\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    and alter the gut microbiota than oral gavage at levels as low as 1000\u2009CFU\/g dust. This infection model mimics the field scenario of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in poultry sheds. The model can be used for future challenge studies for effective\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1715750100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dust sprinkling as an effective method for infecting layer chickens with wild\u2010type\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    <scp>Typhimurium<\/scp>\n                    and changes in host gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Samiullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide  Roseworthy South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea 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