{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:33:05Z","timestamp":1775813585301,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ Microbiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Salmonellosis associated with reptiles is a well\u2010researched topic, particularly in China and the United States, but it occurs less frequently in Europe. The growth of the human population and changes in the environment could potentially increase the interaction between humans and free\u2010living reptiles, which are an unidentified source of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n species. In this study, we sought to explore this issue by comparing the microbiota of free\u2010living European grass snakes, scientifically known as\n Natrix natrix<\/jats:italic>\n , with that of captive banded water snakes, or\n Nerodia fasciata<\/jats:italic>\n . We were able to isolate 27 strains of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n species from cloacal swabs of 59\u2009\n N. natrix<\/jats:italic>\n and 3 strains from 10\n N. fasciata<\/jats:italic>\n . Our findings revealed that free\u2010living snakes can carry strains of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n species that are resistant to normal human serum (NHS). In contrast, all the\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n species strains isolated from\n N. fasciata<\/jats:italic>\n were sensitive to the action of the NHS, further supporting our findings. We identified two serovars from\n N. natrix<\/jats:italic>\n :\n Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n subspecies\n diarizonae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n subspecies\n houtenae<\/jats:italic>\n . Additionally, we identified three different virulotypes (VT) with\n invA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n sipB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n prgH<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n orgA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n tolC<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n iroN<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n sitC<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n sifA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n sopB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n spiA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n cdtB<\/jats:italic>\n and\n msgA<\/jats:italic>\n genes, and \u03b2\u2010galactosidase synthesised by 23 serovars. The identification of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n species in terms of their VT is a relatively unknown aspect of their pathology. This can be specific to the serovar and pathovar and could be a result of adaptation to a new host or environment.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.13287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T01:52:30Z","timestamp":1720489950000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Virulence factors of\n Salmonella<\/i>\n spp. isolated from free\u2010living grass snakes\n Natrix natrix<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8697-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pawlak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wroc\u0142aw Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ma\u0142aszczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Morka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Cieniuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wroc\u0142aw Wroc\u0142aw Poland"},{"name":"Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Korzeniowska\u2010Kowal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute 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