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While it is well established that polymicrobial infections can impact disease outcomes, we know little about how pathogens interact and affect each other's behaviour and fitness. Here, we used a microscopy approach to explore interactions between\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and six human opportunistic pathogens that often co\u2010occur in polymicrobial infections:\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia cenocepacia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus.<\/jats:italic>\n                    When following growing microcolonies on agarose pads over time, we observed a broad spectrum of species\u2010specific ecological interactions, ranging from mutualism to antagonism. For example,\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    engaged in a mutually beneficial interaction with\n                    <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                    but suffered from antagonism by\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . While we found little evidence for active directional growth towards or away from cohabitants, we observed that some pathogens increased growth in double layers in response to competition and that physical forces due to fast colony expansion had a major impact on fitness. Overall, our work provides an atlas of pathogen interactions, highlighting the diversity of potential species dynamics that may occur in polymicrobial infections. We discuss possible mechanisms driving pathogen interactions and offer predictions of how the different ecological interactions could affect virulence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T08:41:47Z","timestamp":1727858507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Interactions between\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    and six opportunistic pathogens cover a broad spectrum from mutualism to antagonism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9mentine","family":"Laffont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Biomedicine University of Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Wechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Biomedicine University of Zurich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"K\u00fcmmerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Biomedicine University of Zurich  Z\u00fcrich 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