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However, most studies on plastic pollution focus on marine environments, with limited knowledge about its impact on freshwater ecosystems. This paucity of information extends to the effect on aquatic insects, with little reported data on the effect of plastic on malaria vectors. This is concerning as microplastics are reported to perturb the gut microbiota of culicine mosquitoes. This study examines how larval exposure to degraded plastic, plastic additives (phthalic acid, Bisphenol\u2010A) and latex beads affects the gut microbiota of adult\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with a comparison of the insecticide\u2010unselected (SENN) and insecticide\u2010selected (SENN\u2010DDT) strains. The larval exposure had a minimal effect on alpha\u2010diversity, but each plastic stressor altered beta\u2010diversity in a non\u2010strain\u2013specific manner. Plastic\u2010treated SENN showed an increase in unique bacterial genera. In contrast, untreated SENN\u2010DDT displayed the highest abundance of unique genera, suggesting gut bacteria may play a role in mitigating the effect of plastic exposure in unselected strains. Additionally, larval plastic exposure increased bacteria associated with plastic degradation and pesticide metabolism. Although there was no significant change in\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010protective bacterial genera, inflammation\u2010associated bacterial genera increased in both strains after treatment, suggesting potential immune modulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T04:24:51Z","timestamp":1754281491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Effect of Larval Exposure to Plastic Pollution on the Gut Microbiota of the Major Malaria Vector\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Anopheles arabiensis<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Patton (Diptera: Culicidae)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shristi","family":"Misser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Wits Research Institute for Malaria, University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases National Institute for Communicable Diseases  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Wits Research Institute for Malaria, University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases National Institute for Communicable Diseases  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshad","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sequencing Core Facility, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service National Institute for Communicable Diseases  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture University of Venda  Thohoyandou South Africa"},{"name":"Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sh\u00fcn\u00e9 V.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences Wits Research Institute for Malaria, University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases National Institute for Communicable Diseases  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2350-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2017.01.en"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1910(83)90099-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9040084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00784-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx364"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1660-9"},{"issue":"27","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"E5362","article-title":"Bacteria\u2010Mediated Hypoxia Functions as a Signal for Mosquito Development","volume":"114","author":"Coon K. 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