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However, this approach often yields inconsistent outcomes and contributes to the emergence of antibiotic\u2010resistant microbes. A comprehensive analysis of previous reports on axenisation was necessary to identify alternate workflows tailored to each major microalgal group. Literature from scholarly databases was systematically recovered and network component analysis was performed to identify method\u2010clusters commonly reported for the axenisation of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and green algae. Promising workflows circumventing the use of antibiotics appeared to be filtration \u2194 washing \u2194 micropicking for diatoms, and micropicking \u2194 subculturing \u2194 flow cytometry for dinoflagellates. No clear workflow could emerge for green algae although Streak plating \u2194 Flowcytometry \u2192 Ultrasonication was considered despite these methods appearing in different clusters. Furthermore, the literature suggests that a combination of microscopy (e.g., epifluorescence), cell counting (e.g., agar plating), and sequencing (16S and\/or 18S) was essential to confirm the final purity of the mother culture. More systematic and high\u2010quality primary research is required to identify effective workflows for other microalgal divisions and fortify\/contrast the ones proposed herein based on network component analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T01:06:01Z","timestamp":1770339961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Network Component Analysis Can Identify Potential Axenisation Strategies Circumventing Antibiotic\u2010Use for Phototrophic Eukaryotic Microalgae"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2853-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Iyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Conway Institute of Biomolecular Research University College Dublin  Belfield Ireland"},{"name":"UCD Algae Group, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7498-6740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Monissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"Teo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conway Institute of Biomolecular Research University College Dublin  Belfield Ireland"},{"name":"UCD Algae Group, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9232-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.","family":"Modin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture and Civil Engineering Chalmers University of Technology  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-8888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conway Institute of Biomolecular Research University College Dublin  Belfield Ireland"},{"name":"UCD Algae Group, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Culturing Algae: A Guide for Schools and Colleges","author":"Belcher H.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02140"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2216\/i0031\u20108884\u201021\u20103\u2010408.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual","author":"Cappuccino J. 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