{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T01:47:49Z","timestamp":1782438469655,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ Microbiol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bacterial biofilms are prevalent in clinical environments, contributing to persistent infections associated with medical devices.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    forms biofilms on nonliving surfaces, leading to drug\u2010resistant, recurrent infections that are difficult to treat. Biofilm development in\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, including\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , occurs through five stages: reversible attachment, irreversible attachment, microcolony formation, maturation and dispersal. Initial attachment is mediated by adhesins, including fimbriae and lipopolysaccharides, which interact with surfaces. This is followed by secretion of an extracellular polymeric substance matrix composed of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins, providing stability and protection. This study aimed to establish a standardised in\u00a0vitro 0.5% crystal violet staining method to quantify biofilm production in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    isolates and classify isolates by biofilm\u2010forming capacity. Biofilm was quantified by optical density at 570\u2013600\u2009nm. A 96\u2010well microtiter plate assay quantified biofilm formation in 40\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    strains collected between July 2021 and April 2023. Growth conditions were optimised, including culture media, fixation techniques and additive concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride. Brain heart infusion broth was optimal, and heat fixation was superior; glucose had no effect, whereas 1%\u20132% sodium chloride enhanced biofilm production. These findings improve understanding of environmental regulation of biofilm formation and microbial persistence across habitats.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T04:45:58Z","timestamp":1779511558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Species\u2010Specific Optimisation and Environmental Regulation of Biofilm Formation in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Enterobacter cloacae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    : Inhibitory Role of Glucose in Biofilm Development"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8042-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Srishti","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad  Prayagraj India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7598-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virendra Bahadur","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-1393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad  Prayagraj India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gopal","family":"Nath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral &amp; Research Diagnostic Laboratory Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University  Varanasi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-7260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasmita","family":"Chand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal Academy of Higher Education  Manipal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9756-3701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirmalendu Sekhar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Energy &amp; Applied Research (G.E.A.R) Lab, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering SRM University\u2010AP  Amaravati India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6909-707X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagdeep Kumar","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences University of Limerick  Limerick Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1695-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S379502"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010micro\u2010020518\u2010115504"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12112207"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2022.0035"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2024.2305241"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13092198"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ajac.2011.22025"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/jabb.2018.05.00132"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2022.102337"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiab029"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010024\u201001098\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010019\u20100158\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75418-3_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00213\u201010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472\u2010765X.2004.01507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.677089"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8081222"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP\u201020\u2010135"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2025.103495"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111853"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013\u20107387"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.814831"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062432"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574\u2010695X.2012.00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejbo.2019.6829.1275"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020328"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.877060"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13030142"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2005.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\u2010journals\u201010068\u20103053"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00915"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18089582"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2021.1970512"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki117"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2016.1212021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203\u2010024\u201004157\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770\u2010021\u201000624\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9084-6_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010022\u201000767\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.3.1163\u20101168.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2021.02.741"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_91_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-5272-0_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.108024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100432"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100533"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Significance of Inoculum Size in Biofilm Formation by Staphylococci","volume":"26","author":"Stepanovi\u0107 S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Microbiologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.10.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517\u201083822005000300013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102672.2010.04756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb3020418"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13744"}],"container-title":["Environmental Microbiology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1758-2229.70347","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1758-2229.70347","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1758-2229.70347","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T01:24:32Z","timestamp":1782437072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1758-2229.70347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1758-2229.70347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-2229.70347","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2229","1758-2229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2229","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2229","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70347"}}