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In a controlled 28\u2010day microcosm experiment, we assessed bacterial community responses to imidacloprid in three soils with differing textures and classifications: a loamy sand (11\u2009g\/100\u2009g clay; red Luvisol), a sandy loam (16\u2009g\/100\u2009g clay; red Luvisol) and a clay soil (56\u2009g\/100\u2009g clay, Vertisol). Analyses included 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, indicator species analysis, co\u2010occurrence network analysis and PICRUSt2\u2010based functional prediction. Imidacloprid exposure elicited soil\u2010specific shifts in bacterial community structure, primarily altering evenness rather than richness; however, overall diversity patterns were more strongly governed by soil texture and sampling time. Indicator species analysis identified distinct sensitive and tolerant taxa in each soil texture, with a core set of taxa remaining largely unchanged. Co\u2010occurrence network analysis showed decreased network complexity and increased modularity under imidacloprid, particularly in loamy sand and clay soils, suggesting altered bacterial interaction patterns. Predicted functional profiles showed upregulation of stress\u2010response pathways and downregulation of energy\/nutrient metabolism pathways, implying a community\u2010level shift toward stress adaptation. Although taxonomic richness remained relatively stable, these reorganisations of community interactions and functional potential suggest changes in bacterial resilience and biogeochemical cycling, which may have implications for long\u2010term soil health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:21:12Z","timestamp":1785799272000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Texture and Neonicotinoid Exposure Shape Bacterial Assemblages and Functions in Agricultural Soils: Responses Over Prolonged Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4086-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmin","family":"Akter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fenner School of Environment and Society, College of Systems and Society, Australian National University  Canberra 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