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We compared biofilms sampled upstream and downstream of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, two source communities presumed to differ in prior exposure to wastewater\u2010associated press disturbance, to examine differences in tolerance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) exposure. We assessed biomass, photosynthetic pigments and fatty acid (FA) profiles as well as microbial community structure using qPCR and metabarcoding. Downstream\u2010sourced biofilms exhibited higher biomass stability, reduced pigment and FA losses and fewer bacterial and eukaryotic community shifts under CIP exposure than upstream\u2010sourced biofilms. Upstream\u2010sourced communities, despite higher baseline pigment and FA contents, showed pronounced sensitivity to CIP, including biomass declines and reduced prokaryotic diversity. Taxon\u2010specific responses revealed stress\u2010tolerant\n                    <jats:italic>Chlorophyceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , cyanobacteria and heterotrophic taxa, which may have contributed to higher functional stability under the tested conditions. Our findings show that biofilm responses to CIP varied with source site and community composition. While not a direct test of environmental filtering, the observed patterns are consistent with its predictions. The results further suggest that legacy effects and spatial heterogeneity may influence biofilm vulnerability to antibiotic exposure, although this requires validation across multiple WWTP\u2010impacted and reference sites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T01:35:02Z","timestamp":1788140102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biofilm Source Shapes the Tolerance to Short\u2010Term Ciprofloxacin Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2389-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Benavent\u2010Celma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The James Hutton Institute  Aberdeen Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4639-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Oster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences RPTU University Kaiserslautern\u2010Landau  Landau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-073X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Pietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences RPTU University Kaiserslautern\u2010Landau  Landau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4544-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Filker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology RPTU University Kaiserslautern\u2010Landau  Kaiserslautern Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4876-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirco","family":"Bundschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences RPTU University Kaiserslautern\u2010Landau  Landau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3925-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"M\u00fchlhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology RPTU University Kaiserslautern\u2010Landau  Kaiserslautern Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7836-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Feckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences RPTU University Kaiserslautern\u2010Landau  Landau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00320\u201018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2022.102725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801925105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es902665n"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems","author":"Arts M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2003.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.15","article-title":"The Ecology and Biogeochemistry of Stream Biofilms","volume":"14","author":"Battin T. 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