{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:37:24Z","timestamp":1773265044888,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thoracic Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A thymoma is a type of thymic tumor which is rarely malignant that is frequently reported in adult patients. A number of thymoma\u2010related immune disorders are observed including autoimmune diseases, which suggests a strong connection between thymoma development and immunological mechanisms. Characterized by association with humoral and cellular immunodeficiency, thymoma patients are susceptible to opportunistic infections by environmental factors. Recent reports have suggested that viral infection may play a role in the etiological mechanisms of thymoma development associated with dysregulated immunity. In this review, we summarize the case reports and studies related to viral infection, such as CMV, EBV and HSV, that probably play a part in the pathogenesis of thymoma and related diseases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the underlying mechanisms by which viruses may induce the occurrence of thymoma with autoimmune diseases. Lastly, we discuss the potential application of antiviral therapy in the treatment of thymic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T07:11:01Z","timestamp":1631862661000},"page":"2971-2980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Viral infection in thymoma and thymic tumors with autoimmune diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1017-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4995-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuning","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1253-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shicong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deparment of Cardiothoracic Surgery Tianjin Medical University General Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08916930903563491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1989.tb00960.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.9854-9861.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940590950963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067211002000238"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.730652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01923.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1199713"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/78.2.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.2.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200401000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2008.02261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2850-2854.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1992.tb00075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"EBER\u20101 expression in thymic carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Fujii T","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(93)90031-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2475"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2012.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/cp.2019.1112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2009.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.1998.tb00301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00819-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200203010-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000018010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d7d884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ssu.2980010305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23869"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000390"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2001.tb00024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma with Epstein\u2010Barr and cytomegaly virus infections. A case report and differential diagnosis","volume":"54","author":"Stachura T","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pol J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.39.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200103000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(97)90261-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Epstein\u2010Barr virus genome in thymoma and thymic lymphoid hyperplasia","volume":"131","author":"McGuire LJ","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880615)61:12<2475::AID-CNCR2820611215>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.4.971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-019-0254-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2003.00233.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92744-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90038-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91793-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00173-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"213092","article-title":"Inflammation and epstein\u2010barr virus infection are common features of myasthenia gravis thymus: possible roles in pathogenesis","volume":"2011","author":"Cavalcante P","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20731"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03636.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"866","article-title":"Epstein\u2010Barr virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, synovial fluid cells, and synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"27","author":"Blaschke S","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4123701"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/370516"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/09298665113209990005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Prokaryotic expression and antigen characteristics of EB virus latent membrane protein 2 (EBV\u2010LMP2) multi\u2010epitopes","volume":"30","author":"Lu LJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin J Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05061-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102464"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.6.2191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)80007-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2504-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2003.01795.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","first-page":"264","article-title":"Thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis and Sjogren syndrome","volume":"62","author":"Tsai Y","year":"2013","journal-title":"West Indian Med J."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","first-page":"e2009012","article-title":"Theimportance of epigenetic alterations in the development of epstein\u2010barr virus\u2010related lymphomas","volume":"1","author":"Takacs M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02899425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Western thymomas lack Epstein\u2010Barr virus by southern blotting analysis and by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"136","author":"Inghirami G","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081761"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20010101)91:1<99::AID-IJC1016>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002231"}],"container-title":["Thoracic Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1759-7714.14157","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1759-7714.14157","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1759-7714.14157","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T05:28:05Z","timestamp":1693200485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1759-7714.14157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1759-7714.14157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1759-7714.14157","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-7706","1759-7714"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-7706","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-7714","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-31","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}