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In addition, surgical outcomes vary in different individuals, which results in an ambiguous future for tracheal surgery. Although transplantation was once an effective and promising method, it is limited by a shortage of donors and immune rejection. The development of bioengineering has provided an alternative for the treatment of tracheal defects, but this discipline is full of ethical controversy and hindered by limited cognition in this area. Meanwhile, progression of this technique is blocked by a deficiency in ideal materials. The trachea together with the carina is still the last unpaired organ in thoracic surgery and propososal of a favorable scheme to remove this dilemma is urgently required. In this review, four main tracheal reconstruction methods, especially surgical techniques, are evaluated, and a thorough interpretation conducted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T04:21:00Z","timestamp":1642047660000},"page":"284-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Reconstruction of the trachea and carina: Surgical reconstruction, autologous tissue transplantation, allograft transplantation, and bioengineering"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jianghao","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery 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