{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:10:22Z","timestamp":1792606222858,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92059203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92059203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7212122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7212122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thoracic Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have suggested the applicability of three classifications of subsolid nodules (SSNs). However, few studies have unraveled the natural history of the three types of SSNs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study from two medical centers between November 2007 and November 2017 was conducted to explore the long\u2010term follow\u2010up results of three different types of SSNs, which were divided into pure ground\u2010glass nodules (pGGNs), heterogeneous ground\u2010glass nodules (hGGNs), and real part\u2010solid nodules (rPSNs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 306 consecutive patients, including 361 SSNs with long\u2010term follow\u2010up, were reviewed. The median growth times of pGGNs, hGGNs, and rPSNs were 7.7, 6.0, and 2.0\u2009years, respectively. For pGGNs, the median period of development into rPSNs was 4.6\u2009years, while that of hGGNs was 1.8\u2009years, and the time from pGGNs to hGGNs was 3.1\u2009years (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In SSNs with an initial lung window consolidation tumor ratio (LW\u2010CTR) &gt;0.5 and mediastinum window (MW)\u2010CTR &gt;0.2, all cases with growth were identified within 5\u2009years. Meanwhile, in SSNs whose LW\u2010CTR and MW\u2010CTR were 0, it took over 5\u2009years to detect nodular growth. Pathologically, 90.6% of initial SSNs with LW\u2010CTR &gt;0 were invasive carcinomas (invasive adenocarcinoma and micro\u2010invasive adenocarcinoma). Among patients with rPSNs in the initial state, 100.0% of the final pathological results were invasive carcinoma. Cox regression showed that age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.038), initial maximal diameter (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and LW\u2010CTR (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002) were independent risk factors for SSN growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>pGGNs, hGGNs, and rPSNs have significantly different natural histories. Age, initial nodule diameter, and LW\u2010CTR are important risk factors for SSN growth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T03:44:37Z","timestamp":1678938277000},"page":"1059-1070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<scp>Long\u2010term follow\u2010up<\/scp> of persistent pulmonary subsolid nodules: Natural course of pure, heterogeneous, and real part\u2010solid ground\u2010glass nodules"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-5835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhedong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Institute Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Institute Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery AMHT Group Aerospace 731 Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9426-9446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Institute Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunkun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Institute Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Institute Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00197712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015141071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.16.16043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31827e2435"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network.National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Non\u2010Small Cell Lung Cancer. 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