{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T03:46:55Z","timestamp":1787802415833,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thoracic Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies have shown the antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with non\u2010small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and brain metastases (BM). However, it is unclear whether the efficacy of ICI is similar between patients with and without BM. It is yet unclear whether the efficacy of ICI in patients with BM increases with higher levels of programmed cell death\u2010ligand 1 (PD\u2010L1) expression, as observed in patients without BM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the outcomes of ICI treatment between patients with and without BM using a cohort containing 1741 prospectively enrolled patients with lung cancer. We investigated whether there were differences in the outcomes of ICI based on PD\u2010L1 expression levels between these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 240 patients with NSCLC with or without BM who were treated with ICI or both chemotherapy and ICI. There were no significant differences in overall survival (OS) between all patients with or without BM (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.489). However, OS was significantly shorter in patients with BM than in those without in the PD\u2010L1\u2009\u2265\u200950% group (16.5\u2009M vs. 30.6\u2009M, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) but not in the PD\u2010L1\u2009\u2265\u20091% or negative group. BM was an independent poor prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio: [95% confidence interval], 2.045; [1.058\u20133.953], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033) in the PD\u2010L1\u2009\u2265\u200950% group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study indicated that the outcomes of patients with or without BM treated with ICI were not significantly different. The efficacy of ICI in patients with PD\u2010L1 expression \u226550% would be lower in patients with BM than in those without.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.15469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T05:35:41Z","timestamp":1729143341000},"page":"2408-2417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors according to programmed cell death\u2010ligand 1 expression in patients with non\u2010small cell lung cancer and brain metastasis: A real\u2010world prospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3557-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Masuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital  Hiroshima 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Allergy and Respiratory Medicine Okayama University Hospital  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Kanaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University  Kita\u2010gun Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Rheumatology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University  Kita\u2010gun Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kodani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Tottori University  Yonago Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Yanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Tottori University  Yonago Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kakuhiro","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Hiroshima University Hospital  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic\u2010Bomb Survivors Hospital  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Yamasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic\u2010Bomb Survivors Hospital  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuhisa","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital  Hiroshima Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagio","family":"Takigawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Internal Medicine 4 Kawasaki Medical School  Okayama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoichi","family":"Kuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine National Hospital Organization Iwakuni 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