{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:56:13Z","timestamp":1790661373674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102025\u201000553825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102025\u201000553825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Thoracic Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Problem<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinician experience variability affects lung cancer detection using computed tomography. AI\u2010based computer\u2010aided diagnosis (CAD) systems can improve diagnostic accuracy, but their influence on thoracic surgeons with varying experience is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of CAD system on thoracic surgeons' assessment of pulmonary nodule malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multireader, crossover study included 20 thoracic surgeons (8 junior, 12 senior). Each reader interpreted 100 anonymized pulmonary nodules twice\u2014once with CAD and once without\u2014following a washout period. Nodules were assessed using a 10\u2010point likelihood of malignancy (LOM) scale and a binary (benign\/malignant) assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CAD system demonstrated high malignancy prediction (AUROC\u2009=\u20090.929). CAD assistance significantly improved diagnostic accuracy across all readers (AUROC: 0.770\u20130.804,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0014 [BINARY]; 0.833\u20130.879,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.001 [LOM]). Junior readers showed greater improvement (BINARY: 0.780\u20130.848,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; LOM: 0.838\u20130.904,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared with senior readers (BINARY: 0.763\u20130.775,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.344; LOM: 0.831\u20130.862,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026). Specificity significantly increased with CAD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008 overall,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 junior readers), while sensitivity remained unchanged. Reading time slightly increased with CAD for benign cases (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but remained stable for malignant cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CAD system improved thoracic surgeons' diagnostic performance, especially junior readers, by enhancing specificity and overall accuracy. AI\u2010based CAD systems are beneficial for reducing diagnostic variability and supporting lung nodule malignancy assessment by inexperienced thoracic surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.70354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T10:10:22Z","timestamp":1789812622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence\u2010Assisted Pulmonary Nodule Diagnosis by Thoracic Surgeons: A Comparative Study on Clinical Effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeong Jeong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8954-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonghun","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vuno Inc.  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6237-468X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doohyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vuno Inc.  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung\u2010Hyun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vuno Inc.  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun Kyoung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Brigham &amp; Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7937-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younjoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science Yale University  New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2683-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boram","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Inha University  Incheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.240650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1286433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/64649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903\u20100505OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010019\u20100447\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd\u201021\u20101240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082729"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010023\u201009747\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3528204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M14\u20102086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021202803"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14222558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7937\/TCIA.HMQ8\u2010J677"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax\u20102024\u2010221662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.41096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.22.27487"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201073435\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201026023\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010007\u20100667\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2021.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440290031002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214726"}],"container-title":["Thoracic 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