{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:03:28Z","timestamp":1781795008022,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]],"date-time":"2019-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Methods Ecol Evol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Ecoacoustics, the study of environmental sound, is a growing field with great potential for biodiversity monitoring. Audio recordings could provide a rapid, cost\u2010effective monitoring tool offering novel insights into ecosystem dynamics. More than 60 acoustic indices have been developed to date, which reflect distinct attributes of the soundscape, (i.e. the total acoustic energy at a given location, including noise produced by animals, machinery, wind and rain). However, reported patterns in acoustic indices have been contradictory, possibly because there is no accepted best practice for the collection and analysis of audio recordings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Here, we propose: (a) guidelines for designing studies using audio recordings for the rapid assessment of multiple sites; and (b) a workflow for comparing recordings with seven of the most commonly used indices, permitting discrimination among habitat\u2010specific soundscapes. We collected and analysed over 26,000\u00a0hr of recordings from 117 sites across a range of habitats in a human\u2010modified tropical landscape in central Panama; an order of magnitude more recordings than used in previously published studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We demonstrate that: (a) Standard error variance of indices stabilizes within 120\u00a0hr of recordings from a single location. (b) Continuous recording should be used rather than subsample recording on a schedule; sub sampling is a common practice but delays capture of site variability and maximizing total duration of recording should be prioritized. (c) Use of multiple indices to describe soundscape patterns reveals distinct diel and seasonal soundscape patterns among habitats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We advocate collecting at least 120\u00a0hr of continuous recordings per site, and using a range of acoustic indices to categorize the soundscape, including the Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Evenness Index, Acoustic Entropy Index and the Normalized Difference Soundscape Index. Differences among habitat types can be captured if multiple indices are used, and magnitude of variance is often more important than mean values. The workflow we provide will enable successful use of ecoacoustic techniques for environmental monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210x.13254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]],"date-time":"2019-07-04T17:29:20Z","timestamp":1562261360000},"page":"1796-1807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":261,"title":["Guidelines for the use of acoustic indices in environmental research"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6045-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Bradfer\u2010Lawrence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynsey","family":"Bunnefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Bunnefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences Durham University Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy H.","family":"Dent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling Stirling UK"},{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Republic of Panama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0004.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvcm4g37"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-013-9849-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradfer-Lawrence T. Gardner N. Bunnefeld L. Bunnefeld N. Willis S. G. &Dent D. H.(2019).Dataset for \"Guidelines for the use of acoustic indices for environmental research\". Available from DataSTORRE http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11667\/132","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13254"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","series-title":"WWF Conservation Technology Series 1 (2)","volume-title":"Passive acoustic monitoring in ecology and conservation","author":"Browning E.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav1902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12968"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.07.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.821"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2017.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emerging opportunities and challenges for passive acoustics in ecological assessment and monitoring","volume":"2018","author":"Gibb R.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and Regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2011.9753651"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"Oksanen J. Blanchet F. Friendly M. Kindt R. Legendre P. McGlinn D. \u2026Wagner H.(2018).vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5\u20102."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/194008291500800117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2010.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2011.61.3.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3237007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119230724.ch8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-017-1390-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2004.00355.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2013.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.343.6173.834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"Sevilla A. &Glotin H.(2017).Audio bird classification with inception\u2010v4 extended with time and time\u2010frequency attention mechanisms. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings 1866."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2008.9753600"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3813\/AAA.918757"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2013.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.05.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22261\/JEA.IUSWUI"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-014-0015-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","unstructured":"Villanueva\u2010Rivera L. &Pijanowski B.(2018).Soundecology: Soundscape Ecology. R package version 1.3.3."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9636-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12678"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000980"}],"container-title":["Methods in Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2F2041-210X.13254","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/2041-210X.13254","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/2041-210X.13254","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/2041-210X.13254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T19:36:50Z","timestamp":1694288210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/2041-210X.13254"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Veronica","family":"Zamora\u2010Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/2041-210X.13254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210x.13254","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2041-210X","2041-210X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2041-210X","type":"print"},{"value":"2041-210X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-03-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-06-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}