{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T06:04:50Z","timestamp":1789106690609,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M009122\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M009122\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/L002434\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/L002434\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Methods Ecol Evol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Macronutrients, comprising carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, underpin many ecological processes, but their quantification in ecological studies is often inaccurate and laborious, requiring large investments of time and bulk samples, which make individual\u2010level studies impossible. This study presents Macronutrient Extraction and Determination from Invertebrates (MEDI), a protocol for the direct, rapid and relatively low\u2010cost determination of macronutrient content from single small macroinvertebrates.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Macronutrients were extracted by a sequential process of soaking in 1:12 chloroform:methanol solution to remove lipid and then solubilising tissue in 0.1\u00a0M NaOH. Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids were determined by colorimetric assays from the same individual specimens.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The limits of detection of MEDI with the equipment and conditions used were 0.067, 0.065 and 0.006\u00a0mg\/ml for proteins, carbohydrates and lipids respectively. Adjusting the volume of reagents used for extraction and determination can broaden the range of concentrations that can be detected. MEDI successfully identified taxonomic differences in macronutrient content between five insect species.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Macronutrient Extraction and Determination from Invertebrates can directly and rapidly determine macronutrient content in tiny (dry mass ~3\u00a0mg) and much larger individual invertebrates. Using MEDI, the total macronutrient content of over 50 macroinvertebrates can be determined within around 3\u00a0days of collection at a cost of ~$1.35 per sample.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210x.13551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,17]],"date-time":"2021-01-17T23:58:24Z","timestamp":1610927904000},"page":"593-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["MEDI: Macronutrient Extraction and Determination from invertebrates, a rapid, cheap and streamlined protocol"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-4940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan P.","family":"Cuff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"},{"name":"Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0359-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn M.","family":"Wilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-3278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximillian P. 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G.","family":"Tercel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0108-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somoye","family":"Oluwaseun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige S.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7640-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Badell\u2010Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-3822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian P.","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1640-6120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7951-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Orozco\u2010terWengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William O. C.","family":"Symondson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0455-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten T.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2005.01450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation","volume":"29","author":"Armbruster D. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Biochemist Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-015-9857-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-010-3494-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Protocols for determination of limits of detection and limits of quantitation; approved guideline","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cuff J. P. Wilder S. M. Tercel M. P. T. G. Hunt R. Oluwaseun S. Morley P. S. Badell\u2010Grau R. A. Vaughan I. P. Bell J. R. Orozco\u2010terWengel P. Symondson W. O. C. &M\u00fcller C. 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