{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T08:19:51Z","timestamp":1774081191908,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021856","name":"Meta Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brit J Educational Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Virtual reality (VR) has been gaining prominence in education, with its interactive capabilities continually expanding. This quantitative study (<jats:italic>N\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\u200991) tested the educational effectiveness of high\u2010immersion VR (HiVR) versus low\u2010immersion VR (LiVR) and the impact of interactivity on vocabulary learning. The between\u2010subjects portion of this study compared foreign language vocabulary learning using HiVR headsets and traditional laptops (LiVR). Multivariate analyses of covariance revealed that although the vocabulary scores of learners using HiVR were higher than the scores of learners using LiVR, the difference was not statistically significant. The within\u2010subjects portion of this study tested the impact of the interaction with virtual objects representing the target vocabulary. Although students reported enjoying the interactive aspects of the experience, the interactivity did not significantly impact learning outcomes in either HiVR or LiVR. These findings have practical and theoretical implications about how different degrees of immersion and interactivity influence vocabulary learning and retention. The study is relevant for scholars and language teachers, as well as curriculum and VR application designers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>\n<jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:caption><jats:title>Practitioner notes<\/jats:title><\/jats:caption><jats:p>What is already known about this topic?\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>High\u2010immersion virtual reality (HiVR) offers contextualized vocabulary learning through interacting with objects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Vocabulary is essential for language learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Research on interaction with virtual objects has received little attention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p>What this paper adds?\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It investigates the impact of VR on vocabulary learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It explores the effect of object interactivity on vocabulary learning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>It shows that VR improves vocabulary learning and retention regardless of object interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><jats:p>Implications for practice and\/or policy\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Our main implication is that VR can be beneficial for vocabulary retention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Students using HiVR and low\u2010immersion VR (LiVR) make comparable learning gains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Practitioners should create VR activities that capitalize on the immersive features of the technology while keeping cognitive demands manageable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:boxed-text>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T06:19:51Z","timestamp":1747030791000},"page":"2647-2670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The impact of high\u2010immersion virtual reality and interactivity on vocabulary learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6769-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Kaplan\u2010Rakowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Learning Technologies University of North Texas  Denton Texas USA"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Thrasher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMMERSE  USA"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103893"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528\u2010024\u201000999\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Handbook I: Cognitive domain","author":"Bloom B. 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