{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T11:55:28Z","timestamp":1723031728524},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Producing traditional animation is a laborious task where the key drawings are first drawn by artists and thereafter inbetween drawings are created, whether it is by hand or computer\u2010assisted. Auto\u2010inbetweening of these 2D key drawings by computer is a non\u2010trivial task as 3D depths are missing. An alternate approach is to generate all the drawings by extracting lines directly from animated 3D models frame by frame, concatenating and rendering them together into an animation. However, animation quality generated using this straightforward method bears two problems. Firstly, the animation contains unsatisfactory visual artifacts such as line flickering and popping. This is especially pronounced when the lines are extracted using high\u2010order derivatives, such as ridges and valleys, from 3D models represented in triangle meshes. Secondly, there is a lack of temporal continuity as each drawing is generated without taking its neighboring drawings into consideration. In this paper, we propose an improved approach over the straightforward method by transferring extracted 3D line drawings of each frame into individual 3D lines and processing them along the time domain. Our objective is to minimize the visual artifacts and incorporate temporal relationship of individual lines throughout the entire animation sequence. This is achieved by creating correspondent trajectory of each line from each frame and applying global optimization on each trajectory. To realize this target, we present a fully automatic novel approach, which consists of (1) a line matching algorithm, (2) an optimizing algorithm, taking into account both the variations of numbers and lengths of 3D lines in each frame, and (3) a robust tracing method for transferring collections of line segments extracted from the 3D models into individual lines. We evaluate our approach on several animated model sequences to demonstrate its effectiveness in producing line drawing animations with temporal coherence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,26]],"date-time":"2013-11-26T01:47:54Z","timestamp":1385430474000},"page":"285-294","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Animated 3D Line Drawings with Temporal Coherence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"X.","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore"}]},{"given":"H. S.","family":"Seah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore"}]},{"given":"C. K.","family":"Quah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[ACD*03]AlliezP. Cohen\u2010SteinerD. DevillersO. L\u00e9vyB. DesbrunM.:Anisotropic polygonal remeshing. InSIGGRAPH(2003) pp.485\u2013493. 3 4.","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"[BCGF10]B\u00e9nardP. ColeF. GolovinskiyA. FinkelsteinA.:Self\u2010similar texture for coherent line stylization. InNPAR(2010) pp.91\u201397. 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[BFP*11]BuchholzB. FarajN. ParisS. EisemannE. BoubekeurT.:Spatio\u2010temporal analysis for parameterizing animated lines. InNPAR(2011) pp.85\u201392. 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"[BLC*12]B\u00e9nardP. LuJ. ColeF. FinkelsteinA. ThollotJ.:Active strokes: coherent line stylization for animated 3D models. InNPAR(2012) pp.37\u201346. 2 3."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[DFR04]DeCarloD. FinkelsteinA. RusinkiewiczS.:Pinteractive rendering of suggestive contours with temporal coherence. InNPAR(2004) pp.15\u201324. 8.","DOI":"10.1145\/987657.987661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[DFRS03]DeCarloD. FinkelsteinA. RusinkiewiczS. SantellaA.:Suggestive contours for conveying shape. InSIGGRAPH(2003) pp.848\u2013855. 1 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882354"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"[FBC*95]FeketeJ.-D. BizouarnE. CournarieE. GalasT. TailleferF.:Tictactoon: a paperless system for professional 2d animation. InSIGGRAPH(1995) pp.79\u201390. 1."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"957","article-title":"New algorithms for 2D and 3D point matching: pose estimation and correspondence","volume":"31","author":"Gold S.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[GSG*99]GoochB. SloanP.-P. J. GoochA. ShirleyP. RiesenfeldR.:Interactive technical illustration. InI3D(1999) pp.31\u201338. 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/300523.300526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"[HZ00]HertzmannA. ZorinD.:Illustrating smooth surfaces. InSIGGRAPH(2000) pp.517\u2013526. 1 2 3."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882355"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[KH11]KarschK. HartJ. C.:Snaxels on a plane. InNPAR(2011) pp.35\u201342. 2 7.","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024683"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1409060.1409110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[LMLH07]LeeY. MarkosianL. LeeS. HughesJ. F.:Line drawings via abstracted shading. InSIGGRAPH(2007) p.18. 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276400"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"308","article-title":"Partitioning 3D surface meshes using watershed segmentation","volume":"5","author":"Mangan A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE TVCG"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[NM00]NorthrupJ. D. MarkosianL.:Artistic silhouettes: a hybrid approach. InNPAR(2000) pp.31\u201337. 2.","DOI":"10.1145\/340916.340920"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[OBS04]OhtakeY. BelyaevA. SeidelH.:Ridge\u2010valley lines on meshes via implicit surface fitting. InSIGGRAPH(2004) pp.609\u2013612. 2 3 4 6.","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"[Rus04]RusinkiewiczS.:Estimating curvatures and their derivatives on triangle meshes. In3DPVT(2004). 6."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073228"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comprehensible rendering of 3\u2010D shapes","volume":"24","author":"Saito T.","year":"1990","journal-title":"ACM TOG"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360696"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"1328","article-title":"An effective illustrative visualization framework based on photic extremum lines (PELs)","volume":"13","author":"Xie X.","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE TVCG"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"3257","article-title":"Complex object correspondence construction in two\u2010dimensional animation","volume":"20","author":"Yu J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE TIP"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","first-page":"993","article-title":"Realtime shape illustration using laplacian lines","volume":"17","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE TVCG"}],"container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcgf.12236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.12236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T04:28:11Z","timestamp":1697430491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cgf.12236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cgf.12236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.12236","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7055","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-11-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}