{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T05:25:26Z","timestamp":1777958726447,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR 3833\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR 3833\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rendering shadows for semi\u2010transparent objects like smoke significantly enhances the realism of the final image. With advancements in ray tracing hardware, tracing visibility rays in real time has become possible. However, generating shadows for semi\u2010transparent objects requires evaluating multiple or all intersections along the ray, resulting in a deep shadow ray. Deep Shadow Maps (DSM) offer an alternative but are constrained by their fixed resolution. We introduce Importance Deep Shadow Maps (IDSM), a real\u2010time algorithm that adaptively distributes Deep Shadow samples based on importance captured from the current camera viewport. Additionally, we propose a novel DSM data structure built on the ray tracing acceleration structure, improving performance for scenarios requiring many samples per DSM texel. Our IDSM approach achieves speedups of up to <jats:italic>\u00d76.89<\/jats:italic> compared to hardware ray tracing while maintaining a nearly indistinguishable quality level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T10:42:33Z","timestamp":1753353753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real\u2010Time Importance Deep Shadows Maps with Hardware Ray Tracing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1026-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Kern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Clausthal  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6353-127X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Br\u00fcll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Clausthal  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Grosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Clausthal  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR04\/161-166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","unstructured":"Amazon Lumberyard:Bistro Open Research Content Archive (ORCA) 2017. URL:http:\/\/developer.nvidia.com\/orca\/amazon-lumberyard-bistro."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR07\/051-060"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","unstructured":"AMD:FidelityFX Super Resolution 3 2024. URL:https:\/\/gpuopen.com\/fidelityfx-super-resolution-3\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","first-page":"155","volume-title":"Proceedings of Graphics Interface","author":"Annen T.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2151237X.2007.10129231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3305366.3335036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DonnellyW. LauritzenA.: Variance shadow maps. InSymposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games(2006) I3D '06 ACM p.161\u2013165. doi:10.1145\/1111411.1111440.","DOI":"10.1145\/1111411.1111440"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","unstructured":"EngelW.: Cascaded shadow maps. InShader X5: Advanced Rendering Techniques(2006) Charles River Media Inc. pp.197\u2013206."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1730804.1730830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","unstructured":"Extrazhang:Silky hair 2021. URL:https:\/\/www.blendswap.com\/blend\/27484."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","unstructured":"F\u00fcrstR. MattauschO. ScherzerD.: Real-time deep shadow maps. InGPU Pro 4: Advanced Rendering Techniques(2013) CRC Press pp.253\u2013264."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1230100.1230112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","unstructured":"Greg ZaalC. K.:Suzanne's revenge 2013. URL:https:\/\/blendswap.com\/blend\/8167."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HofmannN. HasselgrenJ. ClarbergP. MunkbergJ.: Interactive path tracing and reconstruction of sparse volumes.Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech. (2021). doi:10.1145\/3451256.","DOI":"10.1145\/3451256"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HofmannN. HasselgrenJ. MunkbergJ.: Joint neural denoising of surfaces and volumes.Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech. (2023). doi:10.1145\/3585497.","DOI":"10.1145\/3585497"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1730804.1730831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095878.1095889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/sr.20241158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","unstructured":"KallweitS. ClarbergP. KolbC. Davidovi\u010dT. YaoK.-H. FoleyT. HeY. WuL. ChenL. Akenine-M\u00f6llerT. WymanC. CrassinC. BentyN.:The Falcor rendering framework 2022. URL:https:\/\/github.com\/NVIDIAGameWorks\/Falcor."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGWR01\/177-182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1187112.1187126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1289603.1289611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LinD. WymanC. YukselC.: Fast volume rendering with spatiotemporal reservoir resampling.SIGGRAPH Asia(2021) 278:1\u2013278:18. doi:10.1145\/3478513.3480499.","DOI":"10.1145\/3478513.3480499"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1944745.1944760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3203206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2656082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/199404.199420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"EGSR","author":"Martin T.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","unstructured":"Nicholas HullK. A. BentyN.:NVIDIA Emerald Square Open Research Content Archive (ORCA) 2017. URL:http:\/\/developer.nvidia.com\/orca\/nvidia-emerald-square."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","unstructured":"NVIDIA:Deep Learning Super Sampling 2025. URL:https:\/\/developer.nvidia.com\/rtx\/dlss."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2699276.2699277"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2856400.2856402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/37401.37435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","unstructured":"SalviM.: Rendering filtered shadows with exponential shadow maps. InShaderX6: Advanced Rendering Techniques(2008) Charles River Media p.257\u2013274."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","unstructured":"SalviM.: An excursion in temporal supersampling. InGame Developers Conference(2016). URL:https:\/\/developer.download.nvidia.com\/gameworks\/events\/GDC2016\/msalvi_temporal_supersampling.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3587423.3607877"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566570.566616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR07\/045-050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2018323.2018342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","first-page":"319","volume-title":"GPU Zen 3: Advanced Rendering Techniques","author":"Sakmary M.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2010.01724.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","unstructured":"WeiskopfD. ErtlT.: Shadow Mapping Based on Dual Depth Layers. InEurographics - Short Presentations(2003) Eurographics Association. doi:10.2312\/egs.20031069."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2699276.2699280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/965139.807402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2312\/EGWR\/EGSR04\/143-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.14018"}],"container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.70178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T12:41:08Z","timestamp":1754311268000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cgf.70178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cgf.70178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.70178","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7055","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70178"}}