{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:08:04Z","timestamp":1778663284536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Real\u2010time by\u2010example texture synthesis is used in interactive virtual worlds to generate the appearance of an unbounded surface from an exemplar texture with as few repetitions as possible. Currently, leading real\u2010time methods rely on a tiling and blending scheme which is known to synthesize well texture patterns with little spatial organization (such as random scratches or noise) or patterns with periodic spatial organization (such as brick walls or regular tilings).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>However, attempting to synthesize texture patterns composed of distinct, non\u2010periodic regions with such methods remains a challenge and can lead to visual artifacts. In this paper, we propose a novel texture synthesis method to address this issue. The key of our technique relies on the observation that exchanging the appearance of periodically tiled regions is sufficient to hide repetition artifacts. We therefore present a synthesis scheme that relies on the real\u2010time exchange of local statistics, including means, covariance matrices, or histograms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Since our target texture is evaluated on the fly, naive filtering schemes relying on precomputation, such as direct MIP\u2010mapping, do not provide accurate results. Therefore, we propose an adequate real\u2010time filtering approximation and show that our method produces high\u2010quality results with little artifacts and a GPU\u2010friendly implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.70355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:10:49Z","timestamp":1778659849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real\u2010time by\u2010example texture synthesis and filtering using local statistics exchange"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8819-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LIRMM, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, CNRS  France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Gilet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke  Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"On histogram\u2010preserving blending for randomized texture tiling","volume":"8","author":"Burley Brent","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Graphics Techniques (JCGT)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4451","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00455","volume-title":"2019IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","author":"Chiu Tai\u2010Yin","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882265","article-title":"Cohen, Jonathan Shade, Stefan Hiller, and Oliver Deussen. 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Procedural stochastic textures by tiling and blending.GPU Zen 2: Advanced Rendering Techniques 2018. 2 3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009648414312","article-title":"Synthesis of Color Textures for Multimedia Applications","volume":"12","author":"Eom Kie B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Guehl Pascal","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2052822","article-title":"Random phase textures: Theory and synthesis","volume":"20","author":"Galerne Bruno","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","first-page":"73:1","article-title":"Gabor noise by example","volume":"31","author":"Galerne Bruno","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2012)"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13073","article-title":"Texton noise","volume":"36","author":"Galerne Bruno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68445-1_12","article-title":"Semi\u2010discrete optimal transport in patch space for enriching gaussian textures","volume":"10589","author":"Galerne Bruno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geometric Science of Information"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13229","article-title":"Bi\u2010layer textures: a model for synthesis and deformation of composite textures","volume":"36","author":"Guingo Geoffrey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","article-title":"Color\u2010mapped noise vector fields for generating procedural micro\u2010patterns","volume":"40","author":"Grenier Charline","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Graphics Forum"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"195:1","article-title":"Local random\u2010phase noise for procedural texturing","volume":"33","author":"Gilet Guillaume","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.1995.537718","article-title":"Pyramid\u2010Based Texture Analysis\/Synthesis","volume":"3","author":"Heeger David J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings., International Conference on Image Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EricHeitzandFabriceNeyret. 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