{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:29:16Z","timestamp":1776166156340,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Knitted fabrics present unique challenges for realistic rendering due to their complicated structure and scale\u2010dependent appearance. Existing methods typically rely on explicit yarn geometry, which is computationally complex, or texture\u2010based representations that require heavy storage and precomputed maps. In this paper, we introduce the first texture\u2010free, surface\u2010based appearance model for knitted fabrics, in which stitches are represented parametrically as thick curves and mapped directly onto fabric meshes. This avoids explicit yarn or fiber geometry, yet preserves the characteristic 3D look of yarn\u2010based models. Unlike prior surface\u2010based approaches, our method produces realistic volumetric effects such as depth, parallax, and silhouette preservation. To achieve this, we propose a curvature\u2010aware parallax mapping technique that ensures coherent appearance at grazing angles. Furthermore, we extend the appearance model to a multi\u2010scale formulation that aggregates geometry and visibility over texture footprints and adjusts roughness parameters for stable far\u2010field rendering. Our model combines the efficiency and simplicity of surface\u2010based methods with the volumetric realism of fiber\u2010based models, reproducing characteristic knit effects such as 3D stitch structure in a multi\u2010scale manner without the complexity or storage cost of texture\u2010based approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.70356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:09:45Z","timestamp":1776161385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Texture\u2010Free Multi\u2010Scale Model for Surface\u2010Based Rendering of Knitted Fabrics"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apoorv","family":"Khattar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Marie","family":"Aubry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WETAFX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling\u2010Qi","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester  United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Computer Graphics Forum","author":"Chen Ying-Chieh","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","unstructured":"Crane Keenan.A Simple Parametric Model of Plain-Knit Yarns.20235."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/300776.300778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_3","unstructured":"url:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/300776.3007783."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3731184","article-title":"Real-Time Knit Deformation and Rendering","volume":"44","author":"Huang Tao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Igehy Homan. \u201cTracing ray differentials\u201d.Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques.1999 179\u20131867.","DOI":"10.1145\/311535.311555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383319"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_3","unstructured":"url:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/383259.3833193."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","unstructured":"Jakob Wenzel Speierer S\u00e9bastien Roussel Nicolas et al.Mitsuba 3 renderer. 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