{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:29:43Z","timestamp":1776166183865,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62502410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62502410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present Layer3D, a novel 3D neural representation that models objects as collections of decomposable neural implicit primitives. These primitives enable the generation of layered images with consistent correspondences across viewpoints, establishing a flexible framework for multiview vector graphics decomposition. Integrated into a text\u2010to\u20103D pipeline via Score Distillation Sampling (SDS), Layer3D learns to generate primitives with diverse shape topologies while preserving structural coherence. To ensure front\u2010to\u2010back ordering required for 2D flat graphics, our method incorporates front\u2010to\u2010back rendering and shape regularization constraints. Experimental results demonstrate that Layer3D consistently produces meaningful, topology\u2010diverse layers across multiple views, thereby facilitating intuitive and effective layer\u2010based vector editing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.70375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:10:14Z","timestamp":1776161414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Layer3D: A 3D Layered Representation for Multiview Vector Graphics"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8250-6823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongyue","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)"},{"name":"Tencent"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tencent"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5374-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou)"},{"name":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","unstructured":"Adobe:Project Turntable.https:\/\/www.adobe.com\/max\/2024\/sessions\/project-turntable-gs3-9.html 2024. [Accessed 16-09-2025]. 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/1276377.1276415. 2 3","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276415"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/67450.67511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/67450.67511. 2 3","DOI":"10.1145\/67450.67511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3658156. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3658156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","unstructured":"CortexV.:Vtracer.https:\/\/github.com\/visioncortex\/vtracer 2025. Accessed: 2025-01-12. 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenM. ShapovalovR. LainaI. MonnierT. WangJ. NovotnyD. VedaldiA.: PartGen: Part-level 3D Generation and Reconstruction with Multi-View Diffusion Models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.18608(2024). 3","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.00552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","unstructured":"ChenM. WangJ. ShapovalovR. MonnierT. JungH. WangD. RanjanR. LainaI. VedaldiA.: AutoPartGen: Autogressive 3D Part Generation and Discovery.arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.13346(2025). 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/882262.882354. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3592128. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3592128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/2601097.2601169. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/2601097.2601169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/2766913. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/2766913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/1531326.1531389. 2 3","DOI":"10.1145\/1531326.1531389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"1199","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Nineteenth Eurographics Conference on Rendering","author":"Eisemann E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01258.x. 2 3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2008.01258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3130800.3130888. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3130800.3130888"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","first-page":"5207","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Frans K.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","unstructured":"GroverA. WangE. ZweigA. ErmonS.: Stochastic Optimization of Sorting Networks via Continuous Relaxations. InInternational Conference on Learning Representations(2019). URL:https:\/\/openreview.net\/forum?id=H1eSS3CcKX. 2 4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","unstructured":"Inkscape:Inkscape.https:\/\/inkscape.org\/. Accessed: 2026-02-10. 6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/1276377.1276401. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/1276377.1276401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","unstructured":"JainA. MildenhallB. BarronJ. T. AbbeelP. PooleB.:Zero-Shot Text-Guided Object Generation with Dream Fields. 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain A. Xie A. Abbeel P.: VectorFusion: Text-to-SVG by Abstracting Pixel-Based Diffusion Models.arXiv(2022). 2 3","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024683","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering","author":"Karsch K.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/2024676.2024683. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/2024676.2024683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3592433. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3592433"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3544778. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3544778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","unstructured":"LiuR. FuD. TanN. LangI. HanockaR.:WIR3D: Visually-Informed and Geometry-Aware 3D Shape Abstraction 2025. URL:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.04813 arXiv:2505.04813. 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3414685.3417871. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3414685.3417871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","volume-title":"ACM SIGGRAPH 2024 Conference Papers","author":"Liu A.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3641519.3657482. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3641519.3657482"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","unstructured":"LinY. LinC. PanP. YanH. FengY. MuY. FragkiadakiK.:PartCrafter: Structured 3D Mesh Generation via Compositional Latent Diffusion Transformers 2025. URL:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.05573 arXiv:2506.05573. 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","unstructured":"LiY. XiaoJ. LuZ. WangY. JiangH.:Empowering Vector Graphics with Consistently Arbitrary Viewing and View-dependent Visibility 2025. URL:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.21377 arXiv:2505.21377. 2 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3355089.3356527. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3355089.3356527"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","unstructured":"MaC. LiY. YanX. XuJ. YangY. WangC. ZhaoZ. GuoY. ChenZ. GuoC.:P3-SAM: Native 3D Part Segmentation 2025. URL:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2509.06784 arXiv:2509.06784. 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","unstructured":"MildenhallB. SrinivasanP. P. TancikM. BarronJ. T. RamamoorthiR. NgR.: NeRF: Representing Scenes as Neural Radiance Fields for View Synthesis. InECCV(2020). 2 3 4 5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","unstructured":"MaX. ZhouY. XuX. SunB. FilevV. OrlovN. FuY. ShiH.: Towards Layer-wise Image Vectorization. InProceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition(2022). 2 6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2483852.2483873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/2483852.2483873. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/2483852.2483873"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/1015706.1015768. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/1015706.1015768"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","unstructured":"Openclipart:Openclipart.https:\/\/openclipart.org\/. Accessed: 2026-02-10. 7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","unstructured":"PolaczekS. AlalufY. RichardsonE. VinkerY. Cohen-OrD.:NeuralSVG: An Implicit Representation for Text-to-Vector Generation 2025. URL:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2501.03992 arXiv:2501.03992. 2 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","unstructured":"PooleB. JainA. BarronJ. T. MildenhallB.: DreamFusion: Text-to-3D using 2D Diffusion.arXiv(2022). 2 3 5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00322","volume-title":"2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","author":"Paschalidou D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00322. 3","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","unstructured":"RombachR. BlattmannA. LorenzD. EsserP. OmmerB.:High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models 2021. arXiv:2112.10752. 2 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ReddyP. GharbiM. LukacM. MitraN. J.:Im2Vec: Synthesizing Vector Graphics without Vector Supervision 2021. arXiv:2102.02798. 2","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/1778765.1778796. 2 3","DOI":"10.1145\/1778765.1778796"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","first-page":"8748","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (18\u201324 Jul 2021)","author":"Radford A."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","unstructured":"RodriguezJ. A. PuriA. AgarwalS. LaradjiI. H. RodriguezP. RajeswarS. VazquezD. PalC. PedersoliM.:StarVector: Generating Scalable Vector Graphics Code from Images and Text 2024. URL:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2312.11556 arXiv:2312.11556. 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.1058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","unstructured":"SelingerP.:Potrace.https:\/\/github.com\/tatarize\/potrace 2025. Accessed: 2025-01-12. 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","unstructured":"StabilityAI:DeepFloyd IF.https:\/\/github.com\/deep-floyd\/IF 2023. Accessed: 2025-01-17. 3 6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","unstructured":"ShiY. WangP. YeJ. MaiL. LiK. YangX.: MV-Dream: Multi-view Diffusion for 3D Generation.arXiv:2308.16512(2023). 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ThamizharasanV. LiuD. FisherM. ZhaoN. KalogerakisE. Luk\u00e1cM.: NIVeL: Neural Implicit Vector Layers for Text-to-Vector Generation. InCVPR(2024) pp.4589\u20134597. URL:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00439. 2 3","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","unstructured":"WeberM.:Autotrace.https:\/\/github.com\/autotrace\/autotrace 2025. Accessed: 2025-01-12. 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","unstructured":"World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 2 2018. Accessed: 2023-07-09. URL:https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/SVG2\/. 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","unstructured":"WangC. ZhouH. LuoL. YuQ.:ViewCraft3D: High-Fidelity and View-Consistent 3D Vector Graphics Synthesis 2025. URL:https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2505.19492 arXiv:2505.19492. 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"XingX. ZhouH. WangC. ZhangJ. XuD. YuQ.: SVGDreamer: Text Guided SVG Generation with Diffusion Model. InProceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)(June2024) pp.4546\u20134555. 2 3","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592442"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3592442. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3592442"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","unstructured":"ZhangY. WangL. ZouC. WuT. MaR.: Diff3DS: Generating View-Consistent 3D Sketch via Differentiable Curve Rendering.arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.15305(2024). 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","volume-title":"SIGGRAPH Asia 2023 Conference Papers","author":"Zhang P.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3610548.3618232. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3610548.3618232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658204"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3658204. 2 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3658204"}],"container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.70375","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cgf.70375","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.70375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:10:52Z","timestamp":1776161452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cgf.70375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cgf.70375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.70375","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7055","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70375"}}