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However, prior research suggests a potential trade\u2010off: IVR can heighten affective responses while impairing cognitive learning due to increased cognitive load. To examine this tension in abstract scientific visualization, we conducted a between\u2010subjects study (N=84) comparing head\u2010mounted display (HMD) VR with traditional desktop displays as participants explored three climate datasets on an interactive 3D globe. We measured cognitive and affective learning outcomes after each exploration trial and at a two\u2010week follow\u2010up. We additionally logged patterns of visualization exploration during trials, and measured user experience post\u2010study and at two\u2010week follow\u2010up. Results reveal systematic divergences: desktop displays led to significantly higher recall accuracy and promoted more systematic exploration patterns, while HMD\u2010based VR produced stronger short\u2010term increases in climate concern and higher satisfaction ratings. Critically, affective changes largely reverted to baseline at follow\u2010up regardless of modality. We further identify five distinct exploration strategies that emerge differentially across modalities and relate directly to learning outcomes. Overall, our findings highlight how modality choice should align with visualization goals, and offer actionable insights into designing effective scientific visualizations that balance cognitive and affective learning objectives. All data and materials are available at:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/24w7s\/\">https:\/\/osf.io\/24w7s\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.70432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:47:21Z","timestamp":1780390041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Engagement vs. Understanding: Comparing Immersive Virtual Reality and Desktop Displays for Climate Data Visualization"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3513-8600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Arunkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University  Boston United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University  Tempe United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2430-815X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University  Tempe United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.025","article-title":"Short-and long-term effects of embodied experiences in immersive virtual environments on environmental locus of control and behavior","volume":"39","author":"Ahn S. 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