{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:53:24Z","timestamp":1781765604969,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JKZ02252201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JKZ02252201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    AI4VIS EthiCards are a card\u2010based approach designed to facilitate ethical exploration in the growing research of artificial intelligence (AI) for visualization (AI4VIS). The continuously increasing integration of AI and data visualization offers many benefits yet inevitably raises ethical concerns. AI4VIS applications, characterized by their interdisciplinary and multifaceted nature, necessitate that researchers, designers, and practitioners develop ethical awareness and critically reflect on their responsibilities within this domain. The AI4VIS EthiCards, organized into six types, i.e.,\n                    <jats:bold>Goal, AI4VIS Task, Technology, Ethical Principle, People\u2010In\u2010Focus<\/jats:bold>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:bold>Challenge<\/jats:bold>\n                    , serve as a framework for discussion and ethical reflection. This card deck is designed for students, educators, and practitioners working with AI and visualization, and can be used as a flexible teaching framework, rapid reference, or self\u2010check tool in small\u2010group design and reflection activities. We refined the deck through five workshops and observed three main outcomes: participants' speculative yet feasible concepts revealed AI4VIS as a high\u2010potential design space; the deck supported more nuanced ethical awareness; and it functioned as a multi\u2010perspective scaffold and shared vocabulary that enabled people from different backgrounds to reason together across technological, user\u2010centred, and value\u2010oriented dimensions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.70444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:19:43Z","timestamp":1781763583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI4VIS EthiCards: A Card\u2010Based Approach to Exploring Ethics in AI for Data Visualization Applications"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1061-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zezhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6668-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5127-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheelagh","family":"Carpendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-021-00419-9","article-title":"A survey on data\u2010efficient algorithms in big data era","volume":"8","author":"Adadi A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Big Data"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Proc. DIS","author":"Aarts T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3357236.3395516. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3357236.3395516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AliS. KumarV. BreazealC.: AI audit: A card game to reflect on everyday AI systems.arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.17910(2023). 3","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i13.26897"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Guidelines for human\u2010ai interaction","author":"Amershi S."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3290605.3300233. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","first-page":"421","volume-title":"Proc. DIS","author":"Ballard S.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3322276.3323697. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3323697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","first-page":"1211","volume-title":"Proc. DIS","author":"Bilstrup K.\u2010E. K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3357236.3395558. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3357236.3395558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60648-4","volume-title":"Towards a Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence by Paula Boddington","author":"Boddington P.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","volume-title":"Proc. CHI Extended Abstracts","author":"Burtscher S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3544549.3585592. 2 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3544549.3585592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","volume-title":"How Charts Lie: Getting Smarter About Visual Information","author":"Cairo A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CociancigC. HeuerH. BreiterA.: Ai ethics unwrapped: an empirical investigation of ethical principles in collaborative ideation processes.AI and Ethics(2024) 1\u201314. 3","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00638-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7ayD. NagelT. MeierS.: The udv card deck: A collaborative design framework to facilitate urban visualization conversations.IEEE CG&A(2025). 10","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2025.3556573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. CHI","author":"Correll M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3290605.3300418. 2 3 5","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300418"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/24750158.2022.2084885","article-title":"The ethics of ai for information professionals: Eight scenarios","volume":"71","author":"Cox A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","unstructured":"CandyS. WatsonJ.: The thing from the future.The APF methods anthologyLondon: Association of Professional Futurists(2015). 6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DavisJ. L.:How Artifacts Afford: The Power and Politics of Everyday Things.MIT Press 2020. 2","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11967.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","first-page":"2189","volume-title":"Proc. CHI Extended Abstracts","author":"D\u00f6rk M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/2468356.2468739. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/2468356.2468739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiakopoulosN.:Ethics in data\u2010driven visual storytelling. InData\u2010Driven Storytelling.AK Peters\/CRC Press 2018 pp.233\u2013248. 3","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315281575-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","unstructured":"d'IgnazioC. KleinL. F.:Feminist data visualization. Workshop on Visualization for the Digital Humanities (VIS4DH) Baltimore. IEEE. 2 3 5 9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","volume-title":"Data Feminism","author":"D'ignazio C.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2307\/762182","article-title":"Cultural relativism and universal human rights","volume":"6","author":"Donnelly J.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum. Rts. Q."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","unstructured":"DaltonM. H. OehlbergL. WillettW. PerinC. CarpendaleS. IsenbergP.: Vis futures. InWorkshop at IEEE VIS 2023(2023). 6 10"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/23299460.2021.1880112","article-title":"The moral\u2010it deck: a tool for ethics by design","volume":"8","author":"D. Urquhart L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Responsible Innovation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","volume-title":"Proc. CHI","author":"Elsayed\u2010Ali S.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3544548.3580771. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3580771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FloridiL. CowlsJ.: A unified framework of five principles for ai in society.Machine learning and the city: Applications in architecture and urban design(2022) 535\u2013545. 2","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119815075.ch45"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Value sensitive design: Theory and methods","volume":"2","author":"Friedman B.","year":"2002","journal-title":"University of Washington technical report"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11139","volume":"31","author":"Goldsmith J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GoltzN. S. DowdeswellT.:Real World AI Ethics for Data Scientists: Practical Case Studies.CRC Press 2023. 3","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003293125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","unstructured":"GreeneD. HoffmannA. L. StarkL.:Better nicer clearer fairer: A critical assessment of the movement for ethical artificial intelligence and machine learning. 2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","first-page":"561","article-title":"Vizitcards: A card\u2010based toolkit for infovis design education","volume":"23","author":"He S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE TVCG"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. CHI","author":"Hu K.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3290605.3300358. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","first-page":"1676","volume-title":"Proc. DIS","author":"Haghighi N.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3563657.3595992. 2 3 6","DOI":"10.1145\/3563657.3595992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HirveS. A. KunjirA. ShaikhB. ShahK.: An approach towards data visualization based on ar principles. In2017 International Conference on Big Data Analytics and Computational Intelligence (ICBDAC)(2017) pp.128\u2013133. doi:10.1109\/ICBDACI.2017.8070822. 3","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBDACI.2017.8070822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.2022.3194503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","unstructured":"IDEO:IDEO's AI Ethics Cards.https:\/\/page.ideo.com\/download\u2010ai\u2010ethics\u2010cards. 3"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0088-2","article-title":"The global landscape of ai ethics guidelines","volume":"1","author":"Jobin A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature machine intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","unstructured":"KurzeA. BergerA.: Playing the ethics card: Ethical aspects in design tools for inspiration and education.arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.10491(2022). 5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1145\/3585088.3589375","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference","author":"Kumar P. C.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3585088.3589375. 3 5","DOI":"10.1145\/3585088.3589375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app131810178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LuceroA. DalsgaardP. HalskovK. BuurJ.: Designing with cards.Collaboration in creative design: Methods and tools(2016) 75\u201395. 3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29155-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","first-page":"1010","volume-title":"Proc. DIS","author":"Lee C. P.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3643834.3661576. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3643834.3661576"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-0501-9","article-title":"Ethical principles in machine learning and artificial intelligence: Fases from the field and possible ways forward","volume":"7","author":"Lo Piano S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3209500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","first-page":"457","volume-title":"Proc. CHI","author":"Luger E.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/2702123.2702142. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiH. WangY. QuH.: Where are we so far? understanding data storytelling tools from the perspective of human\u2010ai collaboration.arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.15723(2023). 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642726"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445935","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","author":"Metcalf J.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3442188.3445935. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445935"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605655","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2025.1605655","article-title":"Data visualisation in ai\u2010assisted decision\u2010making: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Neri G.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Proc. DIS","author":"Nunes Vilaza G.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3532106.3533511. 2 3 4 5","DOI":"10.1145\/3532106.3533511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","unstructured":"PratesM. AvelarP. LambL. C.: On quantifying and understanding the role of ethics in ai research: a historical account of flagship conferences and journals.arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.08328(2018). 2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00293-x","article-title":"Research and practice of ai ethics: a case study approach juxtaposing academic discourse with organisational reality","volume":"27","author":"Ryan M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2019.04.002","article-title":"Card\u2010based design tools: A review and analysis of 155 card decks for designers and designing","volume":"63","author":"Roy R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Design Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proc. FAT","author":"Selbst A. D.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3287560.3287598. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","first-page":"74","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (ai) ethics: Ethics of ai and ethical ai","volume":"31","author":"Siau K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Database Management (JDM)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VakkuriV. AbrahamssonP.: The key concepts of ethics of artificial intelligence. In2018 IEEE International Conference on Engineering Technology and Innovation (ICE\/ITMC)(2018) pp.1\u20136. doi:10.1109\/ICE.2018.8436265. 2","DOI":"10.1109\/ICE.2018.8436265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1145\/3392063.3394397","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Interaction Design and Children Conference","author":"Ewijk G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3392063.3394397. 5","DOI":"10.1145\/3392063.3394397"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3106142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","volume-title":"Proc. CHI Extended Abstracts","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3613905.3650972. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3613905.3650972"},{"issue":"01","key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","first-page":"1128","article-title":"Data Formulator: AI\u2010Powered Concept\u2010Driven Visualization Authoring","volume":"30","author":"Wang C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE TVCG"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3326585. 2","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3326585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3099002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3654992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1145\/3654992. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3654992"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visinf.2024.04.003","article-title":"Generative ai for visualization: State of the art and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Ye Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Visual Informatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s41095-023-0393-x","article-title":"Foundation models meet visualizations: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Yang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computational Visual Media"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","first-page":"471","volume-title":"International Conference on Entertainment Computing","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhaoY. ZhangY. ZhangY. ZhaoX. WangJ. ShaoZ. TurkayC. ChenS.: Leva: Using large language models to enhance visual analytics.IEEE TVCG(2024) 1\u201317. doi:10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3368060. 2","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3368060"}],"container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.70444","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cgf.70444","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.70444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T06:20:04Z","timestamp":1781763604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cgf.70444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cgf.70444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.70444","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7055","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70444"}}