{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:01:59Z","timestamp":1781175719971,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2428149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2428149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Affordances, originating in psychology, describe how an object's design influences the physical and cognitive actions users may take. Past work applied affordance theory to visualization to explain how design decisions can impact the cognitive actions of visualization readers. In this work, we demonstrate that affordances can complement effectiveness rankings by further explaining the root causes behind visualizations' task performance. To do so, we conduct a case study on static normal probability density function plots, identifying their current affordances. Next, we identify the optimal affordances for a common probability\u2010comparison task and develop a novel affordance\u2010driven visualization, the Croissant Chart, to support them. We empirically validate the design's effectiveness through a preregistered study (n = 808), demonstrating how affordances can inform predictable changes in task performance. Our findings underscore the potential for affordance\u2010based approaches to enhance visualization effectiveness and inform future design decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.70463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:53:24Z","timestamp":1781175204000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Croissant Charts: Modulating the Performance of Normal Distribution Visualizations with Affordances"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0705-9000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Fygenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoury College of Computer Sciences Northeastern University  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9932-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Bertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoury College of Computer Sciences Northeastern University  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"College of Arts, Media and Design Northeastern University  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9251-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. M.","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khoury College of Computer Sciences Northeastern University  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VIS47514.2020.00048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2015.2467201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/38.219450"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3289292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.2350070407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2864907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","volume-title":"Graphical Perception: Theory, Experimentation, and Application to the Development of Graphical Methods","author":"Cleveland W. S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1988.10478598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(95)00664-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3326590"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2024.3456396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2025.3610803"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FernandesM. WallsL. MunsonS. HullmanJ. KayM.: Uncertainty displays using quantile dotplots or CDFs improve transit decision-making. InProc. of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)(2018) CHI '18 Assoc. for Computing Machinery p.1\u201312. doi:10.1145\/3173574.3173718. 1 3 5 10","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"The Ecol. Approach to Visual Perception","author":"Gibson J. J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GreisM. JoshiA. SingerK. SchmidtA. MachullaT.: Uncertainty visualization influences how humans aggregate discrepant information. InProc. of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)(2018) CHI '18 Assoc. for Computing Machinery p.1\u201312. doi:10.1145\/3173574.3174079. 3","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5709\/acp-0163-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","unstructured":"GabryJ. MahrT.:Bayesplot: Plotting for bayesian models 2024. R package version 1.11.0. URL:https:\/\/mc-stan.org\/bayesplot\/. 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720817690634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290310001592587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","unstructured":"HartsonH. AndreT. WilligesR. RensL.: The user action framework: A theory-based foundation for inspection and classification of usability problems. InIntl. Journal of Human-Computer Studies(011999) pp.1058\u20131062. URL:https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/647943.742828. 1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HeerJ. BostockM.: Crowdsourcing graphical perception: Using mechanical turk to assess visualization design. InProc. of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)(2010) CHI '10 Assoc. for Computing Machinery p.203\u2013212. doi:10.1145\/1753326.1753357. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142444"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2020.590232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","volume-title":"Affordances","author":"Kaptelinin V.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","unstructured":"KayM.:tidybayes: Tidy Data and Geoms for Bayesian Models 2023. R package version 3.0.6. URL:http:\/\/mjskay.github.io\/tidybayes\/ doi:10.5281\/zenodo.1308151. 7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","unstructured":"KayM.:ggdist: Visualizations of Distributions and Uncertainty 2024. R package version 3.3.2. URL:https:\/\/mjskay.github.io\/ggdist\/ doi:10.5281\/zenodo.3879620. 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1109\/TVCG.2010.186. 5","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2020.3030335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KayM. KolaT. HullmanJ. R. MunsonS. A.: When (ish) is my bus? user-centered visualizations of uncertainty in everyday mobile predictive systems. InProc. of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)(2016) CHI '16 Assoc. for Computing Machinery p.5092\u20135103. doi:10.1145\/2858036.2858558. 1 3 5 6 9 10","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858558"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1272-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.3758\/s13423-017-1272-1. 7","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1272-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeeB. PlaisantC. ParrC. S. FeketeJ.-D. HenryN.: Task taxonomy for graph visualization. InProc. of the 2006 AVI Workshop on BEyond Time and Errors: Novel Evaluation Methods for Information Visualization(2006) BELIV '06 Assoc. for Computing Machinery p.1\u20135. doi:10.1145\/1168149.1168168. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/1168149.1168168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/22949.22950"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MunznerT.:Visualization Analysis and Design. AK Peters Visualization Series.CRC Press 2015. doi:10.1201\/b17511. 1 2","DOI":"10.1201\/b17511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","volume-title":"The Psychology of Everyday Things","author":"Norman D. A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/301153.301168"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295x.84.3.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X19829728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3564022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-018-0120-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"doi:10.1186\/s41235-018-0120-9. 2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-018-0120-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat08296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","unstructured":"Prolific:Prolific.com February2025. URL:https:\/\/www.prolific.com. 7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","unstructured":"Qualtrics:Qualtrics March2024. URL:https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com. 7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"QuadriG. J. WangA. Z. WangZ. AdornoJ. RosenP. SzafirD. A.: Do you see what i see? a qualitative study eliciting high-level visualization comprehension. InProc. of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(2024) CHI '24 Assoc. for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145\/3613904.3642813. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RossS. M.:Chapter 6 - normal random variables. InIntroductory Statistics (Third Edition) RossS. M. (Ed.) third edition ed. Academic Press Boston 2010 pp.261\u2013296. doi:10.1016\/B978-0-12-374388-6.00006-5. 3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374388-6.00006-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.124.1.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.4.690"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TaherF. HardyJ. KarnikA. WeichelC. JansenY. Hornb\u00e6kK. AlexanderJ.: Exploring interactions with physically dynamic bar charts. InProc. of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)(2015) CHI '15 Assoc. for Computing Machinery p.3237\u20133246. doi:10.1145\/2702123.2702604. 2","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1991.tb00344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2.1.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_2","volume":"04","author":"Ware C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Information Visualization: Perception for Design: Second Edition."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_2","unstructured":"WickhamH. VaughanD. GirlichM.:tidyr: Tidy Messy Data 2024. R package version 1.3.1 https:\/\/github.com\/tidyverse\/tidyr. URL:https:\/\/tidyr.tidyverse.org. 7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3114823"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_63_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Swaying the public? Impacts of election forecast visualizations on emotion, trust, and intention in the 2022 U.S. midterms","volume":"30","author":"Yang F.","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03201236"}],"container-title":["Computer Graphics Forum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.70463","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cgf.70463","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cgf.70463","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:53:36Z","timestamp":1781175216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cgf.70463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cgf.70463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cgf.70463","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-7055","1467-8659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-7055","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70463"}}