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Well\u2010established examples demonstrate that the vowel \/u\/ is often linked to rounder and larger objects, while \/i\/ is associated with more angular and smaller ones. However, most previous research utilized English pseudowords, leaving a gap in our understanding of how these correspondences manifest in tonal languages. The current study extends the investigation to Mandarin Chinese, a tonal language, to examine the roles of vowels, consonants, and lexical tones in sound\u2013shape and sound\u2013size correspondences. Participants heard consonant\u2010vowel\u2010tone syllables and rated each on a 5\u2010point scale with rounder\/more angular shapes or larger\/smaller icons at opposite ends. The results confirmed the established vowel effect: \/u\/ was associated with rounder and larger patterns than \/i\/. Results for consonants demonstrated that the voiced\u2013unvoiced contrast predicted sound\u2013shape judgments, while the aspirated\u2013unaspirated contrast, which is less prominent in English, influenced sound\u2013size judgments. Lexical tones also revealed systematic effects, with Tone 1 (flat), Tone 2 (rising), Tone 3 (falling\u2013rising), and Tone 4 (falling) progressively matched from rounder to more angular shapes, while Tones 1 and 2 were linked to larger sizes than Tones 3 and 4. These phonemic features reliably predicted crossmodal correspondences even when controlling for acoustic properties, suggesting robust mappings between phonemic and visual representations. This study highlights the common vowel effects across Mandarin and English while revealing unique influences of consonants and lexical tones, underscoring the role of language experience in shaping crossmodal correspondences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.70138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T06:00:46Z","timestamp":1762927246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shared and Distinct Phonemic Features in Sound\u2013Shape and Sound\u2013Size Correspondences: A Study of Mandarin Chinese"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Chuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine MacKay Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen\u2010Han","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pi\u2010Chun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12697\/SSS.2010.38.1\u20104.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620927967"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2014.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Bates D. 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