{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:19:40Z","timestamp":1773015580211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding sarcasm in online communication is crucial for accurately gauging public opinion. Since sarcasm conveys the opposite of its literal meaning, it throws a wrench into automated sentiment analysis tools. This has fuelled the development of new methods to identify sarcasm in text and speech. Researchers are turning to advanced techniques like word embedding (Word2Vec), Transformers (BERT) and deep learning models (RNNs) to improve the accuracy of sarcasm detection systems. Sarcasm prevalence in social media poses a challenge to sentiment analysis accuracy. This review investigates recent advancements in sarcasm detection using machine learning and deep learning techniques. We analyse studies published between 2018 and 2023, identified through a comprehensive search of Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ResearchGate and Semantic Scholar. Following PRISMA guidelines, 37 studies were selected based on inclusion\/exclusion criteria. Our analysis explores four research questions and summarises the utilised datasets, algorithms and the significance of multi\u2010modality and context in sarcasm detection. The review concludes that deep learning approaches achieve superior performance compared with other methods. In conclusion, we found that making use of multimodality significantly enhances the performance of models in sarcasm detection. The multi\u2010modality model using the deep learning technique Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) achieved the highest performance with an accuracy of 99.1%. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of multi\u2010modal integration for enhanced accuracy in sarcasm detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.70203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:14:03Z","timestamp":1768983243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward Effective Sarcasm Detection in Social Media: A Review of Artificial Intelligence\u2010Based Automated Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1751-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eishita","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University  Katra India"}]},{"given":"Naveen Kumar","family":"Gondhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University  Katra India"}]},{"name":"Chaahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Murugappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Signal Processing (ISP) Research Lab, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Kuwait College of Science and Technology  Doha Kuwait"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Vels Institute of Sciences, Technology, and Advanced Studies  Chennai India"}]},{"given":"Ganesh","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimization (AIRO), Department of Design and Creative Technologies, Torrens University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health and FHMRI Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health Flinders University  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}]},{"given":"Lavanya","family":"Murugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science American International University  Al Jahra Kuwait"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/electreng.2022021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"32","volume-title":"From Arabic Sentiment Analysis to Sarcasm Detection: The ArSarcasm Dataset","author":"Abu Farha I.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WI.2018.00-35"},{"issue":"54","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transformer Models for Text\u2010Based Emotion Detection: A Review of BERT\u2010Based Approaches","author":"Acheampong F. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209978.3210148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e23040394"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INCET49848.2020.9154090"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT51715.2021.9509714"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp993-1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042\u2010020\u201009138\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang\u20101.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2213275911666180531112306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2021.3083522"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40009\u2010022\u201001108\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1653696"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1508.02774"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/438753"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130840"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19\u20101455"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/humor\u20102012\u20100001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8113403"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1415"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1216-2_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500\u2010023\u201007956\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.401"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.109924"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.06.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3169864"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S105466182101017X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icaace61206.2024.10548550"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3281151.3281154"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3277104.3277118"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579\u2010022\u201009622\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","first-page":"4171","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)","author":"Devlin J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2017.8053243"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324919000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2967095"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042\u2010022\u201012122\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559\u2010021\u201009832\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMCECS47690.2020.246997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop","author":"Faraj D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop","author":"Farha I. A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21917\/ijsc.2020.0308"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17\u20105523"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/WJE-02-2021-0108"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","article-title":"Ensemble Classification Approach for Sarcasm Detection","volume":"2021","author":"Godara J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042\u2010022\u201012930\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2504.06166"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3464524"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2022.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","first-page":"5394","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Guo X.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jctn.2020.8674"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1166\/jctn.2020.9300","article-title":"Analysis of Machine Learning Approaches for Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Data","volume":"17","author":"Gupta D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICCS48265.2020.9120917"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-92307-5_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5391\/IJFIS.2022.22.4.401"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e25060878"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","first-page":"1837","volume-title":"CASCADE: Contextual Sarcasm Detection in Online Discussion Forums","author":"Hazarika D.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13042102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Proceedings of Sixth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop","author":"Hengle A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72550-5_40"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJDWM.2019100104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.115476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66790-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2020.106198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2022.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Figurative Language Processing","author":"Javdan S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3124420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559\u2010021\u201009821\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3170461"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227\u2010021\u201004028\u20104"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Sentimental Analysis of Sexual Harassment as a Health and Development Issue Using Machine Learning Techniques","volume":"1","author":"Kaur C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Microsystems and IoT"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003320340-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)","author":"Khodak M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3406601.3406624"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-876938-79-6.50010-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arCiv.2103.11943"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2939334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652\u2010019\u201001419\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Advances in Engineering Science Management & Technology (ICAESMT)\u20102019","author":"Kumar A.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2963630"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3430984.3431024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang\u20101.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","volume-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings","author":"Kumar P.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-03-2021-0184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","first-page":"12","volume-title":"2nd Workshop on Figurative Language Processing 2020 at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Lee H.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12073639"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2021.3120601"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3475190"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl\u2010long.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CogMI48466.2019.00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08010-9_49"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463061"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.107101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","first-page":"334","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop","author":"Mahdaouy A. E.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6095-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14070-0_69"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-7b98e3ed-003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.08.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_113_1","volume-title":"News Headlines Dataset for Sarcasm Detection","author":"Misra R.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_114_1","unstructured":"Misra R. andP.Arora.2018.\u201cSarcasm Detection Using Hybrid Neural Network.\u201chttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1908.07414."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiopen.2023.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100508-8.00009-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.12.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-tutorials.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2070481.2070509"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7937667"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7996-4_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_122_1","first-page":"386","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop","author":"Nayel H.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107348"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844\u2010022\u201000755\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_127_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Figurative Language Processing","author":"Pant K.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC.2018.8488096"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES48766.2020.9137924"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_130_1","unstructured":"Pelser D. andH. J.Murrell.2019.\u201cDeep and Dense Sarcasm Detection.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1911.07474."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.wnut-1.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_133_1","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of Association for Computational Linguistics","author":"Poria S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2018.8663147"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05102-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042\u2010023\u201014909\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlp.2023.100019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831\u2010022\u201009796\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_139_1","unstructured":"Rana R. J.2016.\u201cGated Recurrent Unit (GRU) for Emotion Classification From Noisy Speech.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1612.07778."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_140_1","volume-title":"Getting Started With Google BERT: Build and Train State\u2010of\u2010the\u2010Art Natural Language Processing Models Using BERT","author":"Ravichandiran S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_141_1","volume-title":"Sarcasm Relation to Time: Sarcasm Detection With Temporal Features and Deep Learning","author":"Razali M. S.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCORED.2017.8305421"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_143_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3076789"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13042\u2010021\u201001344\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.03.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.03.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIRCA.2018.8597368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_148_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Toward Sarcasm Detection in Reviews\u2014A Dual Parametric Approach With Emojis and Ratings","volume":"988","author":"Rustagi A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Studies in Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-020-0076-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2017\/v10i25\/114443"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INCET49848.2020.9154162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9206905"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IDAP.2019.8875985"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math10050844"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2964284.2964321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_156_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11182844"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12040937"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_158_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101489"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_159_1","unstructured":"Singer G.2022.\u201cMultimodality: A New Frontier in Cognitive AI \u201dhttps:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/multimodality\u2010a\u2010new\u2010frontier\u2010in\u2010cognitive\u2010ai\u20108279d00e3baf."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53106\/160792642023012401005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_161_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2019-900046-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2899260"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.03.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_165_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21741-9_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11591\/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp1175-1183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122111235"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277\u2010023\u201010235\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_169_1","unstructured":"Tao C. T.Shen S.Gao et\u00a0al.2024.\u201cLLMs Are Also Effective Embedding Models: An In\u2010Depth Overview.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2412.12591."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/cep0000241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_171_1","first-page":"655","volume-title":"International Conference on Data Analytics & Management","author":"Tiwari R.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-022-04447-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-60566-766-9.ch011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2022.101139"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIRCA51532.2021.9544841"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227\u2010022\u201004312\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.13107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121068"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531825"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-016-0043-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00250"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2022.102883"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2021.3069097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313735"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i24.34756"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3093416"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3093416"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10380"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_189_1","first-page":"822","volume-title":"CCF International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing","author":"Zhang X.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2021.3072492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2025.3604806"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN52387.2021.9533800"}],"container-title":["Expert Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/exsy.70203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/exsy.70203","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/exsy.70203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:21:08Z","timestamp":1773012068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/exsy.70203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/exsy.70203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/exsy.70203","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0266-4720","1468-0394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0266-4720","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-0394","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70203"}}