{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:16:49Z","timestamp":1777861009477,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52577250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52577250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52320105008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52320105008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unipolar Depression (UD) and Bipolar Disorder (BD) are two common psychological disorders, and early detection during adolescence allows for timely treatment. Therefore, intelligent\u2010assisted diagnosis of UD and BD in adolescents is a critical challenge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since electroencephalogram (EEG) signals might miss some information in a single state, this paper proposes a new automatic assisted diagnosis method for unipolar depression (UD) and Bipolar disorder (BD), named the ConvNeXt KAN (CKAN) model. This model utilises EEG signals collected under both eyes\u2010open and eyes\u2010closed conditions, which are analysed in the time\u2010frequency domain using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to obtain 2D time\u2010frequency maps. Then, the ConvNeXt network is used to extract effective features from these time\u2010frequency maps. Additionally, three feature fusion methods are designed to create more complementary and discriminative fused features, which are subsequently input into the KAN network for three\u2010class classification of UD, BD, and healthy controls (HC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optimal feature fusion method is identified. The model is trained and tested on a private dataset using five\u2010fold cross\u2010validation, achieving an average accuracy of 95.66%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental results show that the proposed CKAN model has good classification and recognition performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through the detection of these three patterns, new insights may be provided for clinical auxiliary diagnosis or incorporated into routine physical examinations for adolescents in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.70243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T07:08:18Z","timestamp":1773990498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ConvNeXt\u2010KAN Based Multi\u2010State\n                    <scp>EEG<\/scp>\n                    Fusion for Adolescent Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Disorder Classification"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4986-4761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Hebei University of Technology  Tianjin China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Hebei University of Technology  Tianjin China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Hebei University of Technology  Tianjin China"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Hebei University of Technology  Tianjin China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Technology and Intelligent Health, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Hebei University of Technology  Tianjin China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2024.114700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-021-01083-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.837149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)","author":"Dosovitskiy A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-015-1959-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.102161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3275565"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20446"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.04.093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.01.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7142(84)90025-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab7613"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11142265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.956254"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","unstructured":"Liu Z. 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