{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:10:44Z","timestamp":1778749844293,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Expert Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly adopted in animal\u2010related domains such as health monitoring, behaviour analysis and welfare assessment. However, concerns about the transparency and interoperability of AI outputs are rising. This scoping review investigates how AI and explainable AI (XAI) are applied in animal\u2010related systems and examines the role of semantic technologies in enhancing their interoperability. In this review, we followed PRISMA\u2010ScR guidelines and conducted five structured searches across ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science. The searches targeted AI applications (S\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), XAI applications (S\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and the use of semantic knowledge in AI (S\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and XAI (S\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Studies were screened, assessed using the QualSyst tool and selected based on Q1\/Q2 SJR or CORE C\u2013A* classification. A total of 21 review papers were selected for AI applications and 8 for XAI. No eligible papers were found regarding the use of semantics in AI or XAI. While explainability is gaining attention, it remains mostly limited to visual or statistical tools, lacking domain\u2010specific contextualization. We observed that AI is now pervasive in animal\u2010related research, yet XAI practices remain underdeveloped and lack semantic grounding. This gap calls for ontology\u2010based explainability to enhance trust, relevance and usability for both experts and non\u2010specialists.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.70261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:02:58Z","timestamp":1776391378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Connecting\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    , Explainability and Semantic in Animal Applications: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5185-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nourelhouda","family":"Hammouda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MIRACL Laboratory University of Sfax  Sfax Tunisia"},{"name":"National School of Electronics and Telecommunications  Sfax Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-8604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariem","family":"Mahfoudh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIRACL Laboratory University of Sfax  Sfax Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khouloud","family":"Boukadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIRACL Laboratory University of Sfax  Sfax Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0620-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khouloud","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department American University of Ras Al Khaimah  Ras Al Khaimah UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4112-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Chbeir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Pau &amp; Pays Adour, E2S UPPA, LIUPPA  Anglet France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities7040086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23125732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3426041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allana S. 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