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Deep learning models achieve strong results on in\u2010domain data yet often degrade sharply when applied to content from different platforms. This cross\u2010platform challenge calls for methods that can generalise across domains. Recent approaches attempt to address this by modelling causal relationships, aiming to remove superficial patterns and focus on the true drivers of hate speech. However, these methods usually depend on manually defined causal cues, which are difficult to obtain and may not transfer across platforms. In this paper, we propose Causality\u2010guided Data Augmentation (CDA), a training framework that improves cross\u2010platform robustness without requiring predefined causal cues, target labels, or additional supervision. CDA is motivated by causal invariance, the intuition that relationships stable across environments are more likely to generalise than environment\u2010specific correlations. Operationally, CDA approximates this idea through intervention\u2010inspired masking, which perturbs high\u2010impact source\u2010domain features to reduce shortcut reliance and encourage the model to discover alternative signals that transfer better across platforms. Experiments on four real\u2010world hate speech datasets from different platforms show that CDA consistently outperforms state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art cross\u2010platform detection methods, improving average macro\u2010F1 by approximately 5%. These results highlight CDA's potential to enable more reliable and scalable hate speech detection across diverse online communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.70283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:35:53Z","timestamp":1777955753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Causality\u2010Guided Data Augmentation for Cross\u2010Platform Hate Speech Detection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tianming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management Central China Normal University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management Central China Normal University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangfeng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management Central China Normal University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Management Central China Normal University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2022.101365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v15i1.18041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Behrendt M. S. S.Wagner andS.Harmeling.2025.\u201cMaxPoolBERT: Enhancing BERT Classification via Layer\u2010and Token\u2010Wise Aggregation.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv:2505.15696."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.woah-1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.809"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3232676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"738","volume-title":"Exploring Platform Migration Patterns Between Twitter and Mastodon: A User Behavior Study","author":"Jeong U.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"8858","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Jiang T.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Kennedy C. J. G.Bacon A.Sahn andV. C.Vacano.2020.\u201cConstructing Interval Variables via Faceted Rasch Measurement and Multitask Deep Learning: A Hate Speech Application.\u201darXiv Preprint arXiv:2009.10277."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"6644","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Kim J.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2024.109548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"13807","article-title":"Rethinking Attention\u2010Model Explainability Through Faithfulness Violation Test","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"PMLR"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00788"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i12.26752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"14867","volume-title":"HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detection","author":"Mathew B.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"1088","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","author":"Mishra P.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/ijcjsd.v9i4.1514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"3027","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","author":"Ramponi A.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-05795-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA230497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"330","article-title":"Anatomy of Online Hate: Developing a Taxonomy and Machine Learning Models for Identifying and Classifying Hate in Online News Media","volume":"12","author":"Salminen J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"559","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","author":"Sheth P.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3616855.3635771"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"23284","volume-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Taghanaki S. 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