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Our empirical results indicate that relatively more progress took place in EU social inclusion during the period 2015\u20132020, compared to the period 2011\u20132015. In addition, in the period 2011\u20132015, these improvements were possible mainly through the effect of efficiency change, while in the period 2015\u20132020, the main source of progress was the effect of the best\u2010practice change. In addition, we found that the \u201colder\u201d Member States achieved slightly faster progress rates, compared to the \u201cnew\u201d Member States in the period 2011\u20132015, while the opposite was true for the period 2015\u20132020.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T23:35:10Z","timestamp":1724283310000},"page":"2798-2818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Analyzing changes in EU social inclusion using the global Malmquist productivity index"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giannis","family":"Karagiannis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics University of Macedonia  Thessaloniki Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8929-4057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Ravanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission Joint Research Center (JRC)  Ispra Italy"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-014-1668-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11123-006-0028-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-9886.2004.00476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0335.2006.00572.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssa\/qnad106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4991.2006.00195.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-006-9029-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-9886.2004.00535.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10242589231171091"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11123-005-3042-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Cohesion in Europe Towards 2050 Eighth Report on Economic, Social and Territorial Cohesion","author":"Dijkstra L.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Eurofound 2019.Minimum wages in 2019: annual review. 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