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This paper defines a green liner shipping problem (GLSP) that integrates the deployment of a heterogeneous fleet, speed determination, and fuel bunkering. The objective is to achieve low\u2010carbon operations in liner shipping, taking into consideration the diversification of power systems, the use of alternative fuels in ships, and the continuous improvement of alternative fuel bunkering systems. For this purpose, we present a bi\u2010objective mixed integer nonlinear programming model and develop two methodologies: an epsilon\u2010constraint approach and a heuristic\u2010based multi\u2010objective genetic algorithm. We validate the effectiveness of our model and methods through a case study involving container ships of various sizes deployed on intra\u2010Asian short sea routes by SITC International Holdings Co., Ltd. The experimental results highlight the crucial role of dual\u2010fuel (DF) ships in the pursuit of low\u2010carbon strategies by liner companies, with liquefied natural gas and ammonia DF ships being the most widely used. Additionally, fuel cell (FC)\u00a0ships, particularly those powered by ammonia and hydrogen, demonstrate significant carbon reduction potential. Furthermore, ships with larger container capacities have a greater cost advantage. For the GLSP, speed determination is an auxiliary decision, and the lowest speed is not necessarily the optimal choice. Decision\u2010makers must carefully balance competing economic and carbon emission reduction objectives, as deploying more alternative fuel ships may increase fuel bunkering and fuel consumption, resulting in a higher total operating cost.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T12:12:34Z","timestamp":1727266354000},"page":"3347-3384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toward green container liner shipping: joint optimization of heterogeneous fleet deployment, speed optimization, and fuel bunkering"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Yuzhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Transport Studies Dalian Maritime University  Dalian 116026 China"}]},{"given":"Zhongxiu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Transport Studies Dalian Maritime University  Dalian 116026 China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5216-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingmiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School Dalian University of Foreign Languages  Dalian 116044 China"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Notteboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maritime Institute Ghent University  Ghent 9000 Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Business and Economics University of Antwerp  Antwerp 2000 Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences Antwerp Maritime Academy  Antwerp 2030 Belgium"}]},{"given":"Yiji","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Transport Studies Dalian Maritime University  Dalian 116026 China"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"ABS. 2019.Setting the course to low carbon shipping\u20142030 OUTLOOK | 2050 VISION. 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