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The results indicate that the VNS is a viable and efficient alternative for optimizing DRFS operations, providing flexibility in route and departure time adjustments, and achieving significant reductions in passenger travel times. The results also demonstrate that the DRFS outperforms the TFS in low\u2010demand areas. On average, the VNS improves upon CPLEX results, obtained within one hour of calculation time for the small network, by 2.3%. Using the same resources, the DRFS reduces the average passenger travel time by 9.6% compared to the\u00a0TFS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T23:45:56Z","timestamp":1738799156000},"page":"3413-3440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of a semiflexible demand\u2010responsive feeder bus system using variable neighborhood search"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-5654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Sartori Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Institute for Mobility KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1429-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"S\u00f6rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANT\/OR \u2013 University of Antwerp Operations Research Group Antwerp Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Vanstenwegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven Institute for Mobility KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118790842"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"The demand responsive transport services: Italian approach","volume":"64","author":"Bellini C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"WIT Transactions on The Built Environment"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"317","article-title":"Economic and socioeconomic assessment of replacing conventional public transit with demand responsive transit services in low\u2010to\u2010medium density areas","volume":"150","author":"Berrada J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981231167159"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","DOI":"10.1201\/b18689"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2020.100895"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","DOI":"10.3390\/su14063252"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103102"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2020.06.008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2013.06.013"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2014.05.017"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2020.04.011"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103756"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","DOI":"10.1061\/AJRUA6.RUENG-1156"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2021.108192"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.1357"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ed P. 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