{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T20:39:45Z","timestamp":1779309585195,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017596","name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JCYBQN\u2010980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JCYBQN\u2010980"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72002094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72002094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int Trans Operational Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>As car sharing emerges as a popular mode of transportation, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) by car\u2010sharing platforms may exert significant impacts on related firms, consumers, and the environment. To examine these effects, we develop a dynamic game model consisting of a car manufacturer (M), a retailer (R), and a car\u2010sharing platform (hereafter referred to as the platform) to investigate the impact of the platform's adoption of specialized EVs on supply chain members, consumers, and total carbon emissions (TCE). Analytical results show that the adoption level of EVs can affect M's channel choice when the service quality of the platform is high enough. Furthermore, when M selects dual channels, increasing the adoption level of EVs has a positive impact on R's profit, a negative impact on the profits of M and platform, and a nonmonotonic impact on the total profit of the supply chain; Moreover, as the adoption level of EVs increases, consumer surplus may decrease, the TCE of both fuel and electric vehicles may initially decrease and then increase, and the social welfare may initially increase and then decrease. Finally, if the production cost of EVs is high while the production cost of fuel vehicles is low, the platform should not adopt EVs. However, if the production costs of both types are high, the platform should adopt\u00a0EVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.70110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T04:42:11Z","timestamp":1758775331000},"page":"2950-2976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The impact of car\u2010sharing platforms' electric vehicle adoption level on firms, consumers, and carbon emissions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2969-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management Chengdu University of Information Technology Chengdu 610103 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianchang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marketing and Logistics Management Nanjing University of Finance &amp; Economics Nanjing 210023 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoyin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Guilin University of Electronic Technology Guilin Guangxi 541004 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Logistics and Management Engineering Yunnan University of Finance and Economics Kunming 650221 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2021.1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13262"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Agarwal A. 2022.Why do luxury fashion brands burn their own unsold goods?https:\/\/fashionlawjournal.com\/why\u2010do\u2010luxury\u2010fashion\u2010brands\u2010burn\u2010their\u2010own\u2010unsold\u2010goods\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.2022.1187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.116621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.1916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2016.0605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2019.0803"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.11.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.1.1.12749"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.21898"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2006.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2020.102065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Grant A. 2016.Zipcar launches 50\u2010strong PHEV fleet in London.https:\/\/evfleetworld.co.uk\/zipcar\u2010launches\u201050\u2010strong\u2010phev\u2010fleet\u2010in\u2010london\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Charging an electric vehicle\u2010sharing fleet","volume":"23","author":"He L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manufacturing & Service Operations Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2022.103205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0740817X.2012.763003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116064"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Jolly J. 2023a.Are electric cars too expensive to tempt motorists away from petrol and diesel vehicles?https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2023\/dec\/16\/are\u2010electric\u2010cars\u2010too\u2010expensive\u2010to\u2010tempt\u2010motorists\u2010away\u2010from\u2010petrol\u2010and\u2010diesel\u2010vehicles."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Jolly J. 2023b.Do electric cars really produce fewer carbon emissions than petrol or diesel vehicles?https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/business\/2023\/dec\/23\/do\u2010electric\u2010cars\u2010really\u2010produce\u2010fewer\u2010carbon\u2010emissions\u2010than\u2010petrol\u2010or\u2010diesel\u2010vehicles."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en9020086"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2021.103376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2014.0504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/K-11-2021-1095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102682"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1120.1672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13189"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"Pollak B. 2023.Angelo Adams leads Zipcar into the future.https:\/\/cityfi.medium.com\/angelo\u2010adams\u2010leads\u2010zipcar\u2010into\u2010the\u2010future\u201026f6d9ed2a86."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2022.103233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13871"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12794"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.70000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2004.tb00147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2021.1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102615"}],"container-title":["International Transactions in Operational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/itor.70110","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/itor.70110","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/itor.70110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T06:49:12Z","timestamp":1775112552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/itor.70110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/itor.70110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/itor.70110","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0969-6016","1475-3995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0969-6016","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-3995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}