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Because consumers lack trust in the quality of remanufactured products (RPs), introducing blockchain technology (BT) into the remanufacturing channel can alleviate consumers\u2019 distrust about the quality of RPs. Considering that the third\u2010party remanufacturer (TPR) may have insufficient initial capital, this paper focuses on investigating the TPR's optimal blockchain adoption strategies and financing options. We have the following main findings: (i) Consumers\u2019 high preference for RPs can motivate the TPR to opt for a trade credit, while high financing rates can increase the possibility of the TPR's choice of a bank credit; (ii) the TPR adopts the BT only when the blockchain usage is cheap or the consumers are highly sensitive for BT; (iii) the cost and revenue\u2010sharing contracts in the supply chains may lead to higher profits both for the OEM and the TPR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:51:22Z","timestamp":1773046282000},"page":"4005-4038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimal blockchain adoption and financing strategies in an outsourcing remanufacturing supply chain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology  Nanjing 210044 P.R. 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