{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T12:15:55Z","timestamp":1759580155915},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,12]],"date-time":"2008-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6829,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Br J Haematol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Summary. <\/jats:bold> The ability of blast cells to grow autonomously and to produce autostimulatory growth factors has been investigated in 25 consecutive patients with AML. An autostimulatory index (ASI) was calculated (no. of colonies without CSF \u00f7 no. of colonies with CSF) and patients classified into four groups: Group 1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 3): non\u2010growers; Group 2 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 4): CSF\u2010dependent (ASI &lt; 0\u00b71); Group 3 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 11): partially autonomous (ASI 0\u00b71\u20130\u00b78); and Group 4 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 7): fully autonomous\/CSF\u2010unresponsive (ASI &gt; 0\u00b78). In Group 3 patients colony formation and DNA synthesis were significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0\u00b701) augmented by CSFs but at high cell concentrations became CSF\u2010independent. Blast cell\u2010conditioned medium (BCCM) from these patients exhibited potent autostimulatory activity, increasing DNA synthesis by \u2264 5\u2010fold, and also stimulated CSF\u2010dependent homologous blasts by \u226420\u2010fold. In 5\/5 this activity was neutralized by anti\u2010GM\u2010CSF, which also inhibited autonomous proliferation of their blast cells. Group 4 blasts also secreted GM\u2010CSF but their BCCM possessed no autostimulatory activity, and anti GM\u2010CSF failed to inhibit their autonomous growth. No membrane\u2010associated CSF activity was found, however purified cytosolic fractions stimulated proliferation of CSF\u2010dependent homologous blasts, consistent with production and secretion of CSF which is present in active form in the cytosol but does not autostimulate via membrane receptors. These results suggest that autocrine mechanisms are important in regulating blast cell proliferation, but that the mechanisms are heterogeneous.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1989.tb07717.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,12]],"date-time":"2008-03-12T14:01:06Z","timestamp":1205330466000},"page":"363-369","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Heterogenous mechanisms of autocrine growth of AML blasts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"I. A. G.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Kozlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. 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