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Yet, in immune cells, autophagy pathways serve an additional role in facilitating intracellular surveillance for pathogens and changes in self. Autophagy pathways can modulate key steps in the development of innate and adaptive immunity. In terms of adaptive immunity, autophagy regulates the development and survival of lymphocytes as well as the modulation of antigen processing and presentation. Specialized forms of autophagy may be induced by some viral pathogens, providing a novel route for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation and enhanced CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses. Autophagy induction in target cells also increases their potential to serve as immunogens for dendritic cell cross\u2010presentation to CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. The requirement for autophagy in MHC class II presentation of cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens is well established, yet recent studies also point to a critical role for autophagy in modulating CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses to phagocytosed pathogens. Autophagy pathways can also modulate the selection and survival of some CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the thymus. However, much still remains to be learned mechanistically with respect to how autophagy and autophagy\u2010linked genes regulate pathogen recognition and antigen presentation, as well as the development and survival of immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03321.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T15:57:07Z","timestamp":1277481427000},"page":"9-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Autophagy and adaptive immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Victoria L.","family":"Crotzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice 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