{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1777321601416,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,11]],"date-time":"2008-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1205193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5883,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Bacteriology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    S.F. BLOOMFIELD AND M. ARTHUR. 1992. Solutions of chlorine\u2010releasing agents (CRAs) show varying activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) shows higher activity than sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) which is more active than chloramine\u2010T. Investigations with coat\u2010 and cortex\u2010extracted spores indicate that resistance to CRAs depends not only on the spore coat but also the cortex. Whereas extraction of alkali\u2010soluble coat protein increased sensitivity to NaOCl and NaDCC, degradation of coat and cortex material was required to achieve significant activity with chloramine\u2010T. NaOCl (in the presence and absence of NaOH) and NaDCC (in the presence of NaOH only) produced degradation of spore coat and cortes material which may be related to their rapid sporicidal action at low concentrations under these conditions. By contrast, chloramine\u2010T produced no degradation of cortex peptidoglycan and was only effective against normal and alkali\u2010treated spores at high concentrations, requiring extraction of peptidoglycan with urea\/dithiothreitol\/sodium lauryl sulphate (UDS) or UDS\/lysozyme to achieve significant activity at low concentrations. Results suggest that the sporicidal action of CRAs is associated with spore coat and cortex degradation causing rehydration of the protoplast allowing diffusion to the site of action on the underlying protoplast.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01819.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,11]],"date-time":"2008-03-11T06:54:25Z","timestamp":1205218465000},"page":"166-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Interaction of Bacillus subtilis spores with sodium hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanurate and chloramine\u2010T"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Sally F.","family":"Bloomfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Action of chlorine on bacterial spores","volume":"12","author":"Alderton G.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bacteriological Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"427","article-title":"Mechanism of nitrite\u2010induced germination of Clostridium perfringens spores","volume":"40","author":"Ando Y.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.108.1.571-578.1971","article-title":"Reconstitution of bacterial spore coat layers in vitro","volume":"108","author":"Aronson A.I.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-96-2-401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1965.tb02163.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilisation","author":"Bloomfield S.F.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1989.tb00233.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1967.tb00286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.1972.tb01652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.105.3.1119-1136.1971","article-title":"Formation of protoplasts from resting spores","volume":"105","author":"Fitz\u2010James P.C.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.45.4.1374-1379.1983","article-title":"Proposed mechanism for sensitization by hypochlorite treatment of Clostridium botulinum spores","volume":"45","author":"Foegeding P.M.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(83)90040-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1983.tb01305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1984.tb01350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00697.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(08)60271-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/258402a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1190925","article-title":"Cross\u2010linking of bacterial cell walls with glutaraldehyde","author":"Hughes R.C.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1975.tb00498.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m78-244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Spores IV","author":"Nelson D.L.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.92.6.1772-1778.1966","article-title":"Utility of sodium hypochlorite for ultrastructure study of bacterial spore integuments","volume":"92","author":"Rode L.J.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(83)90050-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"The bacterial spore and chemical sporicidal agents","volume":"12","author":"Russell A.D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiological Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.135.1.133-137.1978","article-title":"Study of calcium dipicolinate release during bacterial spore germination using a new, sensitive assay of dipicolinate","volume":"135","author":"Scott I.R.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.17.1505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.116.2.797-802.1973","article-title":"Germination of Bacillus megaterium spores after various extraction procedures","volume":"116","author":"Vary J.C.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"383","volume-title":"Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Bacterial Spores","author":"Waites W.M.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"The effect of changes in spore coat on the destruction of Bacillus subtilis spores by heat and chemical treatment","volume":"112","author":"Waites W.M.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Joournal of Applied Biochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-102-1-211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-93-2-388"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-89-2-337"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Bacteriology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2672.1992.tb01819.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01819.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T12:34:41Z","timestamp":1762173281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01819.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01819.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01819.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8847"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8847","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,2]]}}}