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In <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\u2003Typhimurium), \u03c3<jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup> responds to extracytoplasmic stress, whereas \u03c3<jats:sup>H<\/jats:sup> responds to heat shock and \u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup> is induced during nutrient limitation. Deficiency of \u03c3<jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>, \u03c3<jats:sup>H<\/jats:sup> or \u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup> increases <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\u2003Typhimurium susceptibility to oxidative stress, but an analysis of double and triple mutants suggested that antioxidant actions of \u03c3<jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup> and \u03c3<jats:sup>H<\/jats:sup> might be dependent on \u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup>. Transcriptional profiling of mutant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> lacking \u03c3<jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup> revealed reduced expression of genes dependent on \u03c3<jats:sup>H<\/jats:sup> and \u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup> in addition to \u03c3<jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup>. Further investigation demonstrated that \u03c3<jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup> augments \u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup> levels during stationary phase via enhanced expression of \u03c3<jats:sup>H<\/jats:sup> and the RNA\u2010binding protein Hfq, leading to increased expression of \u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent genes and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. Maximal expression of the \u03c3<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup>\u2010regulated gene katE required \u03c3<jats:sup>E<\/jats:sup> in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected macrophages as well as stationary\u2010phase cultures. Interactions between alternative sigma factors permit the integration of diverse stress signals to produce coordinated genetic responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04580.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,7]],"date-time":"2005-04-07T16:11:27Z","timestamp":1112890287000},"page":"811-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Alternative sigma factor interactions in <i>Salmonella<\/i>: \u03c3<sup>E<\/sup> and \u03c3<sup>H<\/sup> promote antioxidant defences by enhancing \u03c3<sup>S<\/sup> levels"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Iel\u2010Soo","family":"Bang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Velayudhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ferric C.","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.12.3734-3743.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00093-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Short Protocols in Molecular Biology","author":"Ausubel F.M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.8.2245-2252.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2001.02313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02266-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01664.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.13.3763-3770.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.11.4739-4743.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.55.3.371-394.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.4.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100464200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.120163297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.179.21.6862-6864.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.3611718.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.21.3431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304351200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.3.9.1462"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00551.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.24.11978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7502"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.49.100195.001045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.14.4121-4130.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.66.3.373-395.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.52.1.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1560-1568.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.6.1992-1996.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-1-113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.2.630-632.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(96)00395-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.13.4188-4194.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2003.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.2.237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","volume-title":"Survival Strategies in the Stationary Phase","author":"Matin A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5484.1567"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","volume-title":"A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics. 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