{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:27:29Z","timestamp":1779179249962,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,20]],"date-time":"2006-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1158710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, the sequencing and annotation of complete genomes, together with the development of genetic and proteomic techniques to study previously intractable eukaryotic microbes, has revealed interesting new themes in the control of virulence gene expression. Families of variantly expressed genes are found adjacent to telomeres in the genomes of both pathogenic and non\u2010pathogenic organisms. This subtelomeric DNA is normally heterochromatic and higher\u2010order chromatin structure has now come to be recognized as an important factor controlling both the evolution and expression dynamics of these multigene families. In eukaryotic cells, higher\u2010order chromatin structure plays a central role in many DNA processes including the control of chromosome integrity and recombination, DNA partitioning during cell division, and transcriptional control. DNA can be packaged in two distinct forms: euchromatin is relatively accessible to DNA binding proteins and generally contains active genes, while heterochromatin is densely packaged, relatively inaccessible and usually transcriptionally silent. These features of chromatin are epigenetically inherited from cell cycle to cell cycle. This review will focus on the epigenetic mechanisms used to control expression of virulence genes in medically important microbial pathogens. Examples of such control have now been reported in several evolutionarily distant species, revealing what may be a common strategy used to regulate many very different families of genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05397.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,20]],"date-time":"2006-09-20T09:55:30Z","timestamp":1158746130000},"page":"612-620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Heterochromatin\u2010mediated control of virulence gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Merrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj T.","family":"Duraisingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90054-3","article-title":"Cloning the P.\u2003falciparum gene encoding PfEMP1, a malarial variant antigen and adherence receptor on the surface of parasitized human erythrocytes","volume":"82","author":"Baruch D.I.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00092-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112642"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00243-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0010001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04465.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Ku70 stimulates fusion of dysfunctional telomeres yet protects chromosome ends from homologous recombination","volume":"16","author":"Celli G.B.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12328"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.17.4846"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/33947"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1121003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35091146"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(02)00285-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108640"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02579"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112631"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10139"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35039531"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2002.tb00114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/47528"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg553"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01097"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00417-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90141-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.3.1137"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086887"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220420397"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00118-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383092a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.34.1.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112680"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.03.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040274"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kve022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.105.040733"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2004.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.117.5.935"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53422-0","article-title":"Multiple genes encode the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"268","author":"Kovacs J.A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"A family affair: var genes, PfEMP1 binding, and malaria disease","volume":"28","author":"Kraemer S.M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2001.02620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)01004-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02875"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/1.1.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marty A. Thompson J.K. Duffy M.F. Voss T.S. Cowman A.F. andCrabb B.S.(2006)Evidence thatPlasmodium falciparumchromosome end clusters are cross\u2010linked by protein and are the sites of both virulence gene silencing and activation.Mol Microbiol(62:72\u201383).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05364.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00340-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408883102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00746-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.18.5418"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80725-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(03)00489-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90056-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2003.00652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.2.627-639.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90055-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.17.7749"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600144"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00159-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro927"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03528.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04407"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81159-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.954702"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.30.1.141"}],"container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2006.05397.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05397.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05397.x","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05397.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T01:24:56Z","timestamp":1694395496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05397.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,25]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05397.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05397.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-382X","1365-2958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-382X","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,25]]}}}