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SIs may contain hundreds of <jats:italic>attC<\/jats:italic> sites and intrinsic instability is anticipated; yet SIs are remarkably stable. This implies that either selective pressure maintains the genes or mechanisms exist which favour their persistence in the absence of selection. Toxin\/antitoxin (TA) systems encode a stable toxin and a specific, unstable antitoxin. Once activated, the continued synthesis of the unstable antitoxin is necessary for cell survival. A bioinformatic search of accessible microbial genomes for SIs and TA systems revealed that large SIs harboured TA gene cassettes while smaller SIs did not. We demonstrated the function of TA loci in different genomic contexts where large\u2010scale deletions can occur; in SIs and in a 165\u2003kb dispensable region of the <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> genome. When devoid of TA loci, large\u2010scale genome loss was evident in both environments. The inclusion of two TA loci, <jats:italic>relBE1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parDE1<\/jats:italic>, which we identified in the <jats:italic>Vibrio vulnificus<\/jats:italic> SI rendered these environments refractory to gene loss. Thus, chromosomal TA loci can stabilize massive SI arrays and limit the extensive gene loss that is a hallmark of reductive evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05613.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,29]],"date-time":"2007-03-29T10:11:56Z","timestamp":1175163116000},"page":"1588-1605","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["Chromosomal toxin\u2013antitoxin loci can diminish large\u2010scale genome reductions in the absence of selection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Silvia","family":"Szekeres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Dauti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Mazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean 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