{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:42:50Z","timestamp":1773081770080,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1280188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The recently discovered prokaryotic CRISPR\/Cas defence system provides immunity against viral infections and plasmid conjugation. It has been demonstrated that in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> transcription of the Cascade genes (<jats:italic>casABCDE<\/jats:italic>) and to some extent the CRISPR array is repressed by heat\u2010stable nucleoid\u2010structuring (H\u2010NS) protein, a global transcriptional repressor. Here we elaborate on the control of the <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> CRISPR\/Cas system, and study the effect on CRISPR\u2010based anti\u2010viral immunity. Transformation of wild\u2010type <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> K12 with CRISPR spacers that are complementary to phage Lambda does not lead to detectable protection against Lambda infection. However, when an H\u2010NS mutant of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> K12 is transformed with the same anti\u2010Lambda CRISPR, this does result in reduced sensitivity to phage infection. In addition, it is demonstrated that LeuO, a LysR\u2010type transcription factor, binds to two sites flanking the <jats:italic>casA<\/jats:italic> promoter and the H\u2010NS nucleation site, resulting in derepression of <jats:italic>casABCDE12<\/jats:italic> transcription. Overexpression of LeuO in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> K12 containing an anti\u2010Lambda CRISPR leads to an enhanced protection against phage infection. This study demonstrates that in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> H\u2010NS and LeuO are antagonistic regulators of CRISPR\u2010based immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07315.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T09:55:14Z","timestamp":1280224514000},"page":"1380-1393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":238,"title":["H\u2010NS\u2010mediated repression of CRISPR\u2010based immunity in <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> K12 can be relieved by the transcription activator LeuO"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Edze R.","family":"Westra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00dcmit","family":"Pul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Heidrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthijs M.","family":"Jore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Lundgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Stratmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reinhild","family":"Wurm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Raine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Mescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Van Heereveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Mastop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E. 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