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We have screened a sample of <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic> genes to identify those evolving under positive selection. First, we identified rapidly evolving immunity genes by comparing 140 loci in <jats:italic>Drosophila erecta<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. yakuba<\/jats:italic>. Secondly, we resequenced 23 of the fastest evolving genes from the independent species pair <jats:italic>D. melanogaster<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>D. simulans<\/jats:italic>, and identified those under positive selection using a McDonald\u2013Kreitman test. There was strong evidence of adaptive evolution in two serine proteases (<jats:italic>persephone<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>spirit<\/jats:italic>) and a homolog of the <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> serpin <jats:italic>SRPN6<\/jats:italic>, and weaker evidence in another serine protease and the death domain protein <jats:italic>dFADD<\/jats:italic>. These results add to mounting evidence that immune signalling pathway molecules often evolve rapidly, possibly because they are sites of host\u2013parasite coevolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2007.01305.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,13]],"date-time":"2007-02-13T19:34:39Z","timestamp":1171395279000},"page":"965-970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["A screen for immunity genes evolving under positive selection in <i>Drosophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"F. M.","family":"JIGGINS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. 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