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Thus, the activation of type\u2010I interferon\u2010inducible genes by these other inducers could be direct, or a secondary consequence of the induction of interferon. To distinguish between these possibilities, we have used cell lines lacking all type\u2010I interferon genes to study the direct effect of potential inducers on the expression of 14 interferon\u2010inducible human genes. We show that double\u2010stranded RNA, virus, interferon\u2010\u03b3 or tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 can act directly to induce specific subsets of type\u2010I interferoninducible genes in the absence of any possible type\u2010I interferon involvement. The <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\u2010acting element which confers inducibility by type\u2010I interferon has been shown in some cases to confer inducibility by interferon\u2010\u03b3, double\u2010stranded RNA or virus as well. However, not all promoters containing such an element respond to both interferon and other inducers. Thus, the ability of a given gene to respond to different inducers most likely depends on the exact nature and specific combination of <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\u2010acting elements present in its promoter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16999.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,4]],"date-time":"2005-03-04T07:02:35Z","timestamp":1109919755000},"page":"901-910","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Regulation of gene expression by cytokines and virus in human cells lacking the type\u2010I interferon locus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"206","author":[{"given":"Marc G.","family":"WATHELET","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascale M.","family":"BERR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georges A.","family":"HUEZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_2","volume-title":"Interferons and other regulatory cytokines","author":"Maeyer E.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_2","volume-title":"Transcriptional regulation","author":"Maniatis T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_2","volume-title":"The biology of the interferon system","author":"Wathelet M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13614.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15043.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_2","first-page":"S228","volume":"9","author":"Bourgeade M. 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