{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T16:47:08Z","timestamp":1759682828610},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J of Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)\u20102 or GA\u2010binding protein is a potential transcriptional, bigenomic coordinator of mitochondrial and nuclear\u2010encoded subunits of cytochrome oxidase genes. It is composed of an \u03b1 subunit that binds DNA and a \u03b2 subunit that has the transactivating domain. Previously, we found that the level of NRF\u20102 paralleled that of cytochrome oxidase under normal and functionally altered states. The goal of our present study was to increase the resolution to the ultrastructural level and to quantify changes before and after depolarizing stimulation. We used a pre\u2010embedding immunogold\u2013silver method for the two subunits of NRF\u20102 in cultured rat visual cortical neurons. NRF\u20102\u03b1 and \u03b2 were normally located in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. In the nucleus, both subunits were associated primarily with euchromatin rather than heterochromatin, consistent with active involvement in transcription. In the cytoplasm, they were associated mainly with free ribosomes and occasionally with the Golgi apparatus and the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. Labelling was not found in the mitochondria, confirming the specificity of the antibodies. Neuronal depolarization by KCl for 5\u2003h induced a six\u2010 to seven\u2010fold increase in the nuclear\u2010to\u2010cytoplasmic ratio of both subunits (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) without increases in total labelling densities. These results strongly indicate that both NRF\u20102\u03b1 and NRF\u20102\u03b2 respond to increased neuronal activity by translocating from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they engage in transcriptional activation of target genes. Our results also indicate that the cytoplasmic to nuclear movement of transcription factors is a dynamic process induced by neuronal activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03250.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,11]],"date-time":"2004-03-11T10:27:16Z","timestamp":1079000836000},"page":"1153-1162","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Ultrastructural study of depolarization\u2010induced translocation of NRF\u20102 transcription factor in cultured rat visual cortical neurons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shou Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Huan Ling","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margaret T. 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