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We tested the role of dopamine in human cortical neuroplasticity. Changes of excitability were induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). D2 receptor blocking by sulpiride abolished the induction of after\u2010effects nearly completely. D1 activation alone in the presence of D2 receptor blocking induced by co\u2010administration of sulpiride and pergolide did not re\u2010establish the excitability changes induced by tDCS. This suggests that D2 receptors play a major supporting role in inducing neuroplasticity in the human motor cortex. Enhancement of D2 and, to a lesser degree, D1 receptors by pergolide consolidated tDCS\u2010generated excitability diminution until the morning after stimulation. The readiest explanation for this pattern of results is that D2 receptor activation has a consolidation\u2010enhancing effect on tDCS\u2010induced changes of excitability in the human cortex. The results of this study underscore the importance of the dopaminergic system for human neuroplasticity, suggest a first pharmacological add\u2010on mechanism to prolong the excitability\u2010diminishing effects of cathodal tDCS for up to 24\u2003h after stimulation, and thus render the application of tDCS practicable in diseases displaying enhanced cortical excitability, e.g. migraine and epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04676.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,16]],"date-time":"2006-03-16T15:26:15Z","timestamp":1142522775000},"page":"1651-1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":272,"title":["Dopaminergic modulation of long\u2010lasting direct current\u2010induced cortical excitability changes in the human motor cortex"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Liebetanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frithjof","family":"Tergau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Paulus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03367.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904323057263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5280"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35036191"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10056"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04224.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-12-04536.1997","article-title":"Abnormal synaptic plasticity in the striatum of mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"15","author":"Calabresi P.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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