{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T20:35:38Z","timestamp":1775421338065,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]],"date-time":"2006-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Concern is growing about the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning, for the provision of ecosystem services, and for human well being. Experimental evidence for a relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem process rates is compelling, but the issue remains contentious. Here, we present the first rigorous quantitative assessment of this relationship through meta\u2010analysis of experimental work spanning 50\u2003years to June 2004. We analysed 446 measures of biodiversity effects (252 in grasslands), 319 of which involved primary producer manipulations or measurements. Our analyses show that: biodiversity effects are weaker if biodiversity manipulations are less well controlled; effects of biodiversity change on processes are weaker at the ecosystem compared with the community level and are negative at the population level; productivity\u2010related effects decline with increasing number of trophic links between those elements manipulated and those measured; biodiversity effects on stability measures (\u2018insurance\u2019 effects) are not stronger than biodiversity effects on performance measures. For those ecosystem services which could be assessed here, there is clear evidence that biodiversity has positive effects on most. Whilst such patterns should be further confirmed, a precautionary approach to biodiversity management would seem prudent in the meantime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00963.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]],"date-time":"2006-08-29T06:47:17Z","timestamp":1156834037000},"page":"1146-1156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2078,"title":["Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Balvanera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea B.","family":"Pfisterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Buchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jing\u2010Shen","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Nakashizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Raffaelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03-5192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03891"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1117682"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35012241"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Glim for Ecologists","author":"Crawley M.J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02283-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Trends and Conditions","author":"D\u00edaz S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1033107100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5330.1260"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Plant Population Biology","author":"Harper J.L.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5442.1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0922"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5483.1255a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Functional Consequences of Biodiversity: Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions","author":"Kinzig A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00662.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Vegetation Ecology","author":"Lep\u0161 J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2007.01398.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064088"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well\u2010being: A Framework for Assessment","author":"MA","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","volume-title":"Ecosystems and Human Well\u2010Being: Synthesis","author":"MA","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications","author":"May R.M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/36561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/37348"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368734a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00924.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198515708.003.0011","volume-title":"Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Synthesis and Perspectives","author":"Petchey O.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106365"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198515708.003.0013","volume-title":"Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives","author":"Raffaelli D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","volume-title":"Metawin 2.0 User's Manual: Statistical Software for Meta\u2010Analysis","author":"Rosenberg M.J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(1999)009[0893:EEOBAC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2004.00987.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Functional Consequences of Biodiversity: Experimental Progress and Theoretical Extensions","author":"Schmid B.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","volume-title":"Biometry. 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